Module jdk.incubator.vector
Package jdk.incubator.vector

# Class Vector<E>

java.lang.Object
jdk.incubator.vector.Vector<E>

Type Parameters:
  `E` - the generic (boxed) version of the vector `ETYPE`

Direct Known Subclasses:
  `ByteVector`, `DoubleVector`, `FloatVector`, `IntVector`, `LongVector`, `ShortVector`

    public abstract class Vector<E>
    extends Object

A sequence of a fixed number of lanes, all of some fixed element type such as `byte`, `long`, or `float`. Each lane contains an independent value of the element type. Operations on vectors are typically lane-wise, distributing some scalar operator (such as addition) across the lanes of the participating vectors, usually generating a vector result whose lanes contain the various scalar results. When run on a supporting platform, lane-wise operations can be executed in parallel by the hardware. This style of parallelism is called Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) parallelism.

In the SIMD style of programming, most of the operations within a vector lane are unconditional, but the effect of conditional execution may be achieved using masked operations such as `blend()`, under the control of an associated `VectorMask`. Data motion other than strictly lane-wise flow is achieved using cross-lane operations, often under the control of an associated `VectorShuffle`. Lane data and/or whole vectors can be reformatted using various kinds of lane-wise conversions, and byte-wise reformatting reinterpretations, often under the control of a reflective `VectorSpecies` object which selects an alternative vector format different from that of the input vector.

`Vector<E>` declares a set of vector operations (methods) that are common to all element types. These common operations include generic access to lane values, data selection and movement, reformatting, and certain arithmetic and logical operations (such as addition or comparison) that are common to all primitive types.

Public subtypes of `Vector` correspond to specific element types. These declare further operations that are specific to that element type, including unboxed access to lane values, bitwise operations on values of integral element types, or transcendental operations on values of floating point element types.

This package contains a public subtype of `Vector` corresponding to each supported element type: `ByteVector`, `ShortVector`, `IntVector`, `LongVector`, `FloatVector`, and `DoubleVector`.

The element type of a vector, sometimes called `ETYPE`, is one of the primitive types `byte`, `short`, `int`, `long`, `float`, or `double`.

The type `E` in `Vector<E>` is a generic type argument that corresponds to the element type. In fact, it is the boxed version of the primitive element type. For example, in the type `Vector<Integer>`, the `E` parameter is `Integer` but the `ETYPE` is `int`. In such a vector, each lane carries a primitive `int` value. This pattern continues for the other primitive types as well.

The length of a vector is the number of lanes it contains. This number is also called `VLENGTH` when the context makes clear which vector it belongs to. Each vector has its own fixed `VLENGTH` but different instances of vectors may have different lengths. `VLENGTH` is an important number, because it estimates the SIMD performance gain of a single vector operation as compared to scalar execution of the `VLENGTH` scalar operators which underly the vector operation.

## Shapes and species

The information capacity of a vector is determined by its vector shape, also called its `VSHAPE`. Each possible `VSHAPE` is represented by a member of the `VectorShape` enumeration, and represents an implementation format shared in common by all vectors of a of that shape. Thus, the size in bits of of a vector is determined by appealing to its vector shape.

Some Java platforms give special support to only one shape, while others support several. A typical platform is not likely to support all the shapes described by this API. For this reason, most vector operations work on a single input shape and produce the same shape on output. Operations which change shape are clearly documented as such shape-changing, while the majority of operations are shape-invariant, to avoid disadvantaging platforms which support only one shape. There are queries to discover, for the current Java platform, the preferred shape for general SIMD computation, or the largest available shape for any given lane type. To be portable, code using this API should start by querying a supported shape, and then process all data with shape-invariant operations, within the selected shape.

Each unique combination of element type and vector shape determines a unique vector species. A vector species is represented by a fixed instance of `VectorSpecies<E>` shared in common by all vectors of the same shape and `ETYPE`.

Unless otherwise documented, lane-wise vector operations require that all vector inputs have exactly the same `VSHAPE` and `VLENGTH`, which is to say that they must have exactly the same species. This allows corresponding lanes to be paired unambiguously. The `check()` method provides an easy way to perform this check explicitly.

Vector shape, `VLENGTH`, and `ETYPE` are all mutually constrained, so that `VLENGTH` times the bit-size of each lane must always match the bit-size of the vector's shape. Thus, reinterpreting a vector via a cast may double its length if and only if it either halves the lane size, or else changes the shape. Likewise, reinterpreting a vector may double the lane size if and only if it either halves the length, or else changes the shape of the vector.

## Vector subtypes

Vector declares a set of vector operations (methods) that are common to all element types (such as addition). Sub-classes of Vector with a concrete element type declare further operations that are specific to that element type (such as access to element values in lanes, logical operations on values of integral elements types, or transcendental operations on values of floating point element types). There are six abstract sub-classes of Vector corresponding to the supported set of element types, `ByteVector`, `ShortVector`, `IntVector` `LongVector`, `FloatVector`, and `DoubleVector`. Along with type-specific operations these classes support creation of vector values (instances of Vector). They expose static constants corresponding to the supported species, and static methods on these types generally take a species as a parameter. For example, `FloatVector.fromArray` creates and returns a float vector of the specified species, with elements loaded from the specified float array. It is recommended that Species instances be held in `static final` fields for optimal creation and usage of Vector values by the runtime compiler.

As an example of static constants defined by the typed vector classes, constant `FloatVector.SPECIES_256` is the unique species whose lanes are `float`s and whose vector size is 256 bits. Again, the constant `FloatVector.SPECIES_PREFERRED` is the species which best supports processing of `float` vector lanes on the currently running Java platform.

As another example, a broadcast scalar value of `(double)0.5` can be obtained by calling `DoubleVector.broadcast(dsp, 0.5)`, but the argument `dsp` is required to select the species (and hence the shape and length) of the resulting vector.

## Lane-wise operations

We use the term lanes when defining operations on vectors. The number of lanes in a vector is the number of scalar elements it holds. For example, a vector of type `float` and shape `S_256_BIT` has eight lanes, since `32*8=256`.

Most operations on vectors are lane-wise, which means the operation is composed of an underlying scalar operator, which is repeated for each distinct lane of the input vector. If there are additional vector arguments of the same type, their lanes are aligned with the lanes of the first input vector. (They must all have a common `VLENGTH`.) The output resulting from a lane-wise operation will have a `VLENGTH` which is equal to the `VLENGTH` of the input(s) to the operation. Thus, lane-wise operations are length-invariant, in their basic definitions.

The principle of length-invariance is combined with another basic principle, that lane-wise operations are always shape-invariant, meaning that the inputs and the output of a lane-wise operation will have a common `VSHAPE`. When the principles conflict, because a logical result (with an invariant `VLENGTH`), does not fit into the invariant `VSHAPE`, the resulting expansions and contractions are handled explicitly with special conventions.

Vector operations can be grouped into various categories and their behavior can be generally specified in terms of underlying scalar operators. In the examples below, `ETYPE` is the element type of the operation (such as `int.class`) and `EVector` is the corresponding concrete vector type (such as `IntVector.class`).

- A lane-wise unary operation, such as `w = v0.``neg``()`, takes one input vector, distributing a unary scalar operator across the lanes, and produces a result vector of the same type and shape. For each lane of the input vector `a`, the underlying scalar operator is applied to the lane value. The result is placed into the vector result in the same lane. The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category:

       ETYPE scalar_unary_op(ETYPE s);
       EVector a = ...;
       VectorSpecies<E> species = a.species();
       ETYPE[] ar = new ETYPE[a.length()];
       for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
           ar[i] = scalar_unary_op(a.lane(i));
       }
       EVector r = EVector.fromArray(species, ar, 0);

- A lane-wise binary operation, such as `w = v0.``add``(v1)`, takes two input vectors, distributing a binary scalar operator across the lanes, and produces a result vector of the same type and shape. For each lane of the two input vectors `a` and `b`, the underlying scalar operator is applied to the lane values. The result is placed into the vector result in the same lane. The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category:

       ETYPE scalar_binary_op(ETYPE s, ETYPE t);
       EVector a = ...;
       VectorSpecies<E> species = a.species();
       EVector b = ...;
       b.check(species);  // must have same species
       ETYPE[] ar = new ETYPE[a.length()];
       for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
           ar[i] = scalar_binary_op(a.lane(i), b.lane(i));
       }
       EVector r = EVector.fromArray(species, ar, 0);

- Generalizing from unary and binary operations, a lane-wise n-ary operation takes `N` input vectors `v[j]`, distributing an n-ary scalar operator across the lanes, and produces a result vector of the same type and shape. Except for a few ternary operations, such as `w = v0.``fma``(v1,v2)`, this API has no support for lane-wise n-ary operations. For each lane of all of the input vectors `v[j]`, the underlying scalar operator is applied to the lane values. The result is placed into the vector result in the same lane. The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category:

       ETYPE scalar_nary_op(ETYPE... args);
       EVector[] v = ...;
       int N = v.length;
       VectorSpecies<E> species = v[0].species();
       for (EVector arg : v) {
           arg.check(species);  // all must have same species
       }
       ETYPE[] ar = new ETYPE[a.length()];
       for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
           ETYPE[] args = new ETYPE[N];
           for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
               args[j] = v[j].lane(i);
           }
           ar[i] = scalar_nary_op(args);
       }
       EVector r = EVector.fromArray(species, ar, 0);

- A lane-wise conversion operation, such as `w0 = v0.``convert``(VectorOperators.I2D, 0)`, takes one input vector, distributing a unary scalar conversion operator across the lanes, and produces a logical result of the converted values. The logical result (or at least a part of it) is presented in a vector of the same shape as the input vector.

  Unlike other lane-wise operations, conversions can change lane type, from the input (domain) type to the output (range) type. The lane size may change along with the type. In order to manage the size changes, lane-wise conversion methods can product partial results, under the control of a `part` parameter, which is explained elsewhere. (Following the example above, the second group of converted lane values could be obtained as `w1 = v0.convert(VectorOperators.I2D, 1)`.)

  The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category in the specific example of a conversion from `int` to `double`, retaining either lower or upper lanes (depending on `part`) to maintain shape-invariance:

       IntVector a = ...;
       int VLENGTH = a.length();
       int part = ...;  // 0 or 1
       VectorShape VSHAPE = a.shape();
       double[] arlogical = new double[VLENGTH];
       for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
           int e = a.lane(i);
           arlogical[i] = (double) e;
       }
       VectorSpecies<Double> rs = VSHAPE.withLanes(double.class);
       int M = Double.BITS / Integer.BITS;  // expansion factor
       int offset = part * (VLENGTH / M);
       DoubleVector r = DoubleVector.fromArray(rs, arlogical, offset);
       assert r.length() == VLENGTH / M;

- A cross-lane reduction operation, such as `e = v0.``reduceLanes``(VectorOperators.ADD)`, operates on all the lane elements of an input vector. An accumulation function is applied to all the lane elements to produce a scalar result. If the reduction operation is associative then the result may be accumulated by operating on the lane elements in any order using a specified associative scalar binary operation and identity value. Otherwise, the reduction operation specifies the order of accumulation. The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category if it is associative:

       ETYPE assoc_scalar_binary_op(ETYPE s, ETYPE t);
       EVector a = ...;
       ETYPE r = <identity value>;
       for (int i = 0; i < a.length(); i++) {
           r = assoc_scalar_binary_op(r, a.lane(i));
       }

- A cross-lane movement operation, such as `w = v0.``rearrange``(shuffle)` operates on all the lane elements of an input vector and moves them in a data-dependent manner into different lanes in an output vector. The movement is steered by an auxiliary datum, such as a `VectorShuffle` or a scalar index defining the origin of the movement. The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category, in the case of a shuffle:

       EVector a = ...;
       Shuffle<E> s = ...;
       ETYPE[] ar = new ETYPE[a.length()];
       for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
           int source = s.laneSource(i);
           ar[i] = a.lane(source);
       }
       EVector r = EVector.fromArray(a.species(), ar, 0);

- A masked operation is one which is a variation on one of the previous operations (either lane-wise or cross-lane), where the operation takes an extra trailing `VectorMask` argument. In lanes the mask is set, the operation behaves as if the mask argument were absent, but in lanes where the mask is unset, the underlying scalar operation is suppressed. Masked operations are explained in greater detail elsewhere.
- A very special case of a masked lane-wise binary operation is a blend, which operates lane-wise on two input vectors `a` and `b`, selecting lane values from one input or the other depending on a mask `m`. In lanes where `m` is set, the corresponding value from `b` is selected into the result; otherwise the value from `a` is selected. Thus, a blend acts as a vectorized version of Java's ternary selection expression `m?b:a`:

       ETYPE[] ar = new ETYPE[a.length()];
       for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
           boolean isSet = m.laneIsSet(i);
           ar[i] = isSet ? b.lane(i) : a.lane(i);
       }
       EVector r = EVector.fromArray(species, ar, 0);

- A lane-wise binary test operation, such as `m = v0.``lt``(v1)`, takes two input vectors, distributing a binary scalar comparison across the lanes, and produces, not a vector of booleans, but rather a vector mask. For each lane of the two input vectors `a` and `b`, the underlying scalar comparison operator is applied to the lane values. The resulting boolean is placed into the vector mask result in the same lane. The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this operation category:

       boolean scalar_binary_test_op(ETYPE s, ETYPE t);
       EVector a = ...;
       VectorSpecies<E> species = a.species();
       EVector b = ...;
       b.check(species);  // must have same species
       boolean[] mr = new boolean[a.length()];
       for (int i = 0; i < mr.length; i++) {
           mr[i] = scalar_binary_test_op(a.lane(i), b.lane(i));
       }
       VectorMask<E> m = VectorMask.fromArray(species, mr, 0);

- Similarly to a binary comparison, a lane-wise unary test operation, such as `m = v0.``test``(IS_FINITE)`, takes one input vector, distributing a scalar predicate (a test function) across the lanes, and produces a vector mask.

If a vector operation does not belong to one of the above categories then the method documentation explicitly specifies how it processes the lanes of input vectors, and where appropriate illustrates the behavior using pseudocode.

Most lane-wise binary and comparison operations offer convenience overloadings which accept a scalar as the second input, in place of a vector. In this case the scalar value is promoted to a vector by broadcasting it into the same lane structure as the first input. For example, to multiply all lanes of a `double` vector by a scalar value `1.1`, the expression `v.mul(1.1)` is easier to work with than an equivalent expression with an explicit broadcast operation, such as `v.mul(v.broadcast(1.1))` or `v.mul(DoubleVector.broadcast(v.species(), 1.1))`. Unless otherwise specified the scalar variant always behaves as if each scalar value is first transformed to a vector of the same species as the first vector input, using the appropriate `broadcast` operation.

## Masked operations

Many vector operations accept an optional `mask` argument, selecting which lanes participate in the underlying scalar operator. If present, the mask argument appears at the end of the method argument list.

Each lane of the mask argument is a boolean which is either in the set or unset state. For lanes where the mask argument is unset, the underlying scalar operator is suppressed. In this way, masks allow vector operations to emulate scalar control flow operations, without losing SIMD parallelism, except where the mask lane is unset.

An operation suppressed by a mask will never cause an exception or side effect of any sort, even if the underlying scalar operator can potentially do so. For example, an unset lane that seems to access an out of bounds array element or divide an integral value by zero will simply be ignored. Values in suppressed lanes never participate or appear in the result of the overall operation.

Result lanes corresponding to a suppressed operation will be filled with a default value which depends on the specific operation, as follows:

- If the masked operation is a unary, binary, or n-ary arithmetic or logical operation, suppressed lanes are filled from the first vector operand (i.e., the vector receiving the method call), as if by a blend.
- If the masked operation is a memory load or a `slice()` from another vector, suppressed lanes are not loaded, and are filled with the default value for the `ETYPE`, which in every case consists of all zero bits. An unset lane can never cause an exception, even if the hypothetical corresponding memory location does not exist (because it is out of an array's index range).
- If the operation is a cross-lane operation with an operand which supplies lane indexes (of type `VectorShuffle` or `Vector`, suppressed lanes are not computed, and are filled with the zero default value. Normally, invalid lane indexes elicit an `IndexOutOfBoundsException`, but if a lane is unset, the zero value is quietly substituted, regardless of the index. This rule is similar to the previous rule, for masked memory loads.
- If the masked operation is a memory store or an `unslice()` into another vector, suppressed lanes are not stored, and the corresponding memory or vector locations (if any) are unchanged.

  (Note: Memory effects such as race conditions never occur for suppressed lanes. That is, implementations will not secretly re-write the existing value for unset lanes. In the Java Memory Model, reassigning a memory variable to its current value is not a no-op; it may quietly undo a racing store from another thread.)

- If the masked operation is a reduction, suppressed lanes are ignored in the reduction. If all lanes are suppressed, a suitable neutral value is returned, depending on the specific reduction operation, and documented by the masked variant of that method. (This means that users can obtain the neutral value programmatically by executing the reduction on a dummy vector with an all-unset mask.)
- If the masked operation is a comparison operation, suppressed output lanes in the resulting mask are themselves unset, as if the suppressed comparison operation returned `false` regardless of the suppressed input values. In effect, it is as if the comparison operation were performed unmasked, and then the result intersected with the controlling mask.
- In other cases, such as masked cross-lane movements, the specific effects of masking are documented by the masked variant of the method.

As an example, a masked binary operation on two input vectors `a` and `b` suppresses the binary operation for lanes where the mask is unset, and retains the original lane value from `a`. The following pseudocode illustrates this behavior:

     ETYPE scalar_binary_op(ETYPE s, ETYPE t);
     EVector a = ...;
     VectorSpecies<E> species = a.species();
     EVector b = ...;
     b.check(species);  // must have same species
     VectorMask<E> m = ...;
     m.check(species);  // must have same species
     boolean[] ar = new boolean[a.length()];
     for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
         if (m.laneIsSet(i)) {
             ar[i] = scalar_binary_op(a.lane(i), b.lane(i));
         } else {
             ar[i] = a.lane(i);  // from first input
         }
     }
     EVector r = EVector.fromArray(species, ar, 0);

## Lane order and byte order

The number of lane values stored in a given vector is referred to as its vector length or `VLENGTH`. It is useful to consider vector lanes as ordered sequentially from first to last, with the first lane numbered `0`, the next lane numbered `1`, and so on to the last lane numbered `VLENGTH-1`. This is a temporal order, where lower-numbered lanes are considered earlier than higher-numbered (later) lanes. This API uses these terms in preference to spatial terms such as "left", "right", "high", and "low".

Temporal terminology works well for vectors because they (usually) represent small fixed-sized segments in a long sequence of workload elements, where the workload is conceptually traversed in time order from beginning to end. (This is a mental model: it does not exclude multicore divide-and-conquer techniques.) Thus, when a scalar loop is transformed into a vector loop, adjacent scalar items (one earlier, one later) in the workload end up as adjacent lanes in a single vector (again, one earlier, one later). At a vector boundary, the last lane item in the earlier vector is adjacent to (and just before) the first lane item in the immediately following vector.

Vectors are also sometimes thought of in spatial terms, where the first lane is placed at an edge of some virtual paper, and subsequent lanes are presented in order next to it. When using spatial terms, all directions are equally plausible: Some vector notations present lanes from left to right, and others from right to left; still others present from top to bottom or vice versa. Using the language of time (before, after, first, last) instead of space (left, right, high, low) is often more likely to avoid misunderstandings.

As second reason to prefer temporal to spatial language about vector lanes is the fact that the terms "left", "right", "high" and "low" are widely used to describe the relations between bits in scalar values. The leftmost or highest bit in a given type is likely to be a sign bit, while the rightmost or lowest bit is likely to be the arithmetically least significant, and so on. Applying these terms to vector lanes risks confusion, however, because it is relatively rare to find algorithms where, given two adjacent vector lanes, one lane is somehow more arithmetically significant than its neighbor, and even in those cases, there is no general way to know which neighbor is the the more significant.

Putting the terms together, we view the information structure of a vector as a temporal sequence of lanes ("first", "next", "earlier", "later", "last", etc.) of bit-strings which are internally ordered spatially (either "low" to "high" or "right" to "left"). The primitive values in the lanes are decoded from these bit-strings, in the usual way. Most vector operations, like most Java scalar operators, treat primitive values as atomic values, but some operations reveal the internal bit-string structure.

When a vector is loaded from or stored into memory, the order of vector lanes is always consistent with the inherent ordering of the memory container. This is true whether or not individual lane elements are subject to "byte swapping" due to details of byte order. Thus, while the scalar lane elements of vector might be "byte swapped", the lanes themselves are never reordered, except by an explicit method call that performs cross-lane reordering.

When vector lane values are stored to Java variables of the same type, byte swapping is performed if and only if the implementation of the vector hardware requires such swapping. It is therefore unconditional and invisible.

As a useful fiction, this API presents a consistent illusion that vector lane bytes are composed into larger lane scalars in little endian order. This means that storing a vector into a Java byte array will reveal the successive bytes of the vector lane values in little-endian order on all platforms, regardless of native memory order, and also regardless of byte order (if any) within vector unit registers.

This hypothetical little-endian ordering also appears when a reinterpretation cast is applied in such a way that lane boundaries are discarded and redrawn differently, while maintaining vector bits unchanged. In such an operation, two adjacent lanes will contribute bytes to a single new lane (or vice versa), and the sequential order of the two lanes will determine the arithmetic order of the bytes in the single lane. In this case, the little-endian convention provides portable results, so that on all platforms earlier lanes tend to contribute lower (rightward) bits, and later lanes tend to contribute higher (leftward) bits. The reinterpretation casts between `ByteVector`s and the other non-byte vectors use this convention to clarify their portable semantics.

The little-endian fiction for relating lane order to per-lane byte order is slightly preferable to an equivalent big-endian fiction, because some related formulas are much simpler, specifically those which renumber bytes after lane structure changes. The earliest byte is invariantly earliest across all lane structure changes, but only if little-endian convention are used. The root cause of this is that bytes in scalars are numbered from the least significant (rightmost) to the most significant (leftmost), and almost never vice-versa. If we habitually numbered sign bits as zero (as on some computers) then this API would reach for big-endian fictions to create unified addressing of vector bytes.

## Memory operations

As was already mentioned, vectors can be loaded from memory and stored back. An optional mask can control which individual memory locations are read from or written to. The shape of a vector determines how much memory it will occupy. In the absence of masking, the lanes are stored as a dense sequence of back-to-back values in memory, the same as a dense (gap-free) series of single scalar values in an array of the scalar type. Memory order corresponds exactly to lane order. The first vector lane value occupies the first position in memory, and so on, up to the length of the vector. Although memory order is not directly defined by Java as a separate concept, the memory order of stored vector lanes always corresponds to increasing index values in a Java array or in a `ByteBuffer`.

Byte order for lane storage is chosen such that the stored vector values can be read or written as single primitive values, within the array or buffer that holds the vector, producing the same values as the lane-wise values within the vector. This fact is independent of the convenient fiction that lane values inside of vectors are stored in little-endian order.

For example, `FloatVector.fromArray(fsp,fa,i)` creates and returns a float vector of some particular species `fsp`, with elements loaded from some float array `fa`. The first lane is loaded from `fa[i]` and the last lane is initialized loaded from `fa[i+VL-1]`, where `VL` is the length of the vector as derived from the species `fsp`. Then, `fv=fv.add(fv2)` will produce another float vector of that species `fsp`, given a vector `fv2` of the same species `fsp`. Next, `mnz=fv.compare(NE, 0.0f)` tests whether the result is zero, yielding a mask `mnz`. The non-zero lanes (and only those lanes) can then be stored back into the original array elements using the statement `fv.intoArray(fa,i,mnz)`.

## Expansions, contractions, and partial results

Since vectors are fixed in size, occasions often arise where the logical result of an operation is not the same as the physical size of the proposed output vector. To encourage user code that is as portable and predictable as possible, this API has a systematic approach to the design of such resizing vector operations.

As a basic principle, lane-wise operations are length-invariant. Length-invariance simply means that if `VLENGTH` lanes go into an operation, the same number of lanes come out, with nothing discarded and no extra padding.

As a second principle, sometimes in tension with the first, lane-wise operations are also shape-invariant, unless clearly marked otherwise. Shape-invariance means that `VSHAPE` is constant for typical computations. Keeping the same shape throughout a computation helps ensure that scarce vector resources are efficiently used. (On some hardware platforms shape changes could cause unwanted effects like extra data movement instructions, round trips through memory, or pipeline bubbles.)

Tension between these principles arises when an operation produces a logical result that is too large for the required output `VSHAPE`. In other cases, when a logical result is smaller than the capacity of the output `VSHAPE`, the positioning of the logical result is open to question, since the physical output vector must contain a mix of logical result and padding.

In the first case, of a too-large logical result being crammed into a too-small output `VSHAPE`, we say that data has expanded. In other words, an expansion operation has caused the output shape to overflow. Symmetrically, in the second case of a small logical result fitting into a roomy output `VSHAPE`, the data has contracted, and the contraction operation has required the output shape to pad itself with extra zero lanes.

In both cases we can speak of a parameter `M` which measures the expansion ratio or contraction ratio between the logical result size (in bits) and the bit-size of the actual output shape. When vector shapes are changed, and lane sizes are not, `M` is just the integral ratio of the output shape to the logical result. (With the possible exception of the maximum shape, all vector sizes are powers of two, and so the ratio `M` is always an integer. In the hypothetical case of a non-integral ratio, the value `M` would be rounded up to the next integer, and then the same general considerations would apply.)

If the logical result is larger than the physical output shape, such a shape change must inevitably drop result lanes (all but `1/M` of the logical result). If the logical size is smaller than the output, the shape change must introduce zero-filled lanes of padding (all but `1/M` of the physical output). The first case, with dropped lanes, is an expansion, while the second, with padding lanes added, is a contraction.

Similarly, consider a lane-wise conversion operation which leaves the shape invariant but changes the lane size by a ratio of `M`. If the logical result is larger than the output (or input), this conversion must reduce the `VLENGTH` lanes of the output by `M`, dropping all but `1/M` of the logical result lanes. As before, the dropping of lanes is the hallmark of an expansion. A lane-wise operation which contracts lane size by a ratio of `M` must increase the `VLENGTH` by the same factor `M`, filling the extra lanes with a zero padding value; because padding must be added this is a contraction.

It is also possible (though somewhat confusing) to change both lane size and container size in one operation which performs both lane conversion and reshaping. If this is done, the same rules apply, but the logical result size is the product of the input size times any expansion or contraction ratio from the lane change size.

For completeness, we can also speak of in-place operations for the frequent case when resizing does not occur. With an in-place operation, the data is simply copied from logical output to its physical container with no truncation or padding. The ratio parameter `M` in this case is unity.

Note that the classification of contraction vs. expansion depends on the relative sizes of the logical result and the physical output container. The size of the input container may be larger or smaller than either of the other two values, without changing the classification. For example, a conversion from a 128-bit shape to a 256-bit shape will be a contraction in many cases, but it would be an expansion if it were combined with a conversion from `byte` to `long`, since in that case the logical result would be 1024 bits in size. This example also illustrates that a logical result does not need to correspond to any particular platform-supported vector shape.

Although lane-wise masked operations can be viewed as producing partial operations, they are not classified (in this API) as expansions or contractions. A masked load from an array surely produces a partial vector, but there is no meaningful "logical output vector" that this partial result was contracted from.

Some care is required with these terms, because it is the data, not the container size, that is expanding or contracting, relative to the size of its output container. Thus, resizing a 128-bit input into 512-bit vector has the effect of a contraction. Though the 128 bits of payload hasn't changed in size, we can say it "looks smaller" in its new 512-bit home, and this will capture the practical details of the situation.

If a vector method might expand its data, it accepts an extra `int` parameter called `part`, or the "part number". The part number must be in the range `[0..M-1]`, where `M` is the expansion ratio. The part number selects one of `M` contiguous disjoint equally-sized blocks of lanes from the logical result and fills the physical output vector with this block of lanes.

Specifically, the lanes selected from the logical result of an expansion are numbered in the range `[R..R+L-1]`, where `L` is the `VLENGTH` of the physical output vector, and the origin of the block, `R`, is `part*L`.

A similar convention applies to any vector method that might contract its data. Such a method also accepts an extra part number parameter (again called `part`) which steers the contracted data lanes one of `M` contiguous disjoint equally-sized blocks of lanes in the physical output vector. The remaining lanes are filled with zero, or as specified by the method.

Specifically, the data is steered into the lanes numbered in the range `[R..R+L-1]`, where `L` is the `VLENGTH` of the logical result vector, and the origin of the block, `R`, is again a multiple of `L` selected by the part number, specifically `|part|*L`.

In the case of a contraction, the part number must be in the non-positive range `[-M+1..0]`. This convention is adopted because some methods can perform both expansions and contractions, in a data-dependent manner, and the extra sign on the part number serves as an error check. If vector method takes a part number and is invoked to perform an in-place operation (neither contracting nor expanding), the `part` parameter must be exactly zero. Part numbers outside the allowed ranges will elicit an indexing exception. Note that in all cases a zero part number is valid, and corresponds to an operation which preserves as many lanes as possible from the beginning of the logical result, and places them into the beginning of the physical output container. This is often a desirable default, so a part number of zero is safe in all cases and useful in most cases.

The various resizing operations of this API contract or expand their data as follows:

- `Vector.convert()` will expand (respectively, contract) its operand by ratio `M` if the element size of its output is larger (respectively, smaller) by a factor of `M`. If the element sizes of input and output are the same, then `convert()` is an in-place operation.
- `Vector.convertShape()` will expand (respectively, contract) its operand by ratio `M` if the bit-size of its logical result is larger (respectively, smaller) than the bit-size of its output shape. The size of the logical result is defined as the element size of the output, times the `VLENGTH` of its input. Depending on the ratio of the changed lane sizes, the logical size may be (in various cases) either larger or smaller than the input vector, independently of whether the operation is an expansion or contraction.
- Since `Vector.castShape()` is a convenience method for `convertShape()`, its classification as an expansion or contraction is the same as for `convertShape()`.
- `Vector.reinterpretShape()` is an expansion (respectively, contraction) by ratio `M` if the vector bit-size of its input is crammed into a smaller (respectively, dropped into a larger) output container by a factor of `M`. Otherwise it is an in-place operation. Since this method is a reinterpretation cast that can erase and redraw lane boundaries as well as modify shape, the input vector's lane size and lane count are irrelevant to its classification as expanding or contracting.
- The `unslice()` methods expand by a ratio of `M=2`, because the single input slice is positioned and inserted somewhere within two consecutive background vectors. The part number selects the first or second background vector, as updated by the inserted slice. Note that the corresponding `slice()` methods, although inverse to the `unslice()` methods, do not contract their data and thus require no part number. This is because `slice()` delivers a slice of exactly `VLENGTH` lanes extracted from two input vectors.

The method `partLimit()` on `VectorSpecies` can be used, before any expanding or contracting operation is performed, to query the limiting value on a part parameter for a proposed expansion or contraction. The value returned from `partLimit()` is positive for expansions, negative for contractions, and zero for in-place operations. Its absolute value is the parameter `M`, and so it serves as an exclusive limit on valid part number arguments for the relevant methods. Thus, for expansions, the `partLimit()` value `M` is the exclusive upper limit for part numbers, while for contractions the `partLimit()` value `-M` is the exclusive lower limit.

## Moving data across lane boundaries

The cross-lane methods which do not redraw lanes or change species are more regularly structured and easier to reason about. These operations are:

- The `slice()` family of methods, which extract contiguous slice of `VLENGTH` fields from a given origin point within a concatenated pair of vectors.
- The `unslice()` family of methods, which insert a contiguous slice of `VLENGTH` fields into a concatenated pair of vectors at a given origin point.
- The `rearrange()` family of methods, which select an arbitrary set of `VLENGTH` lanes from one or two input vectors, and assemble them in an arbitrary order. The selection and order of lanes is controlled by a `VectorShuffle` object, which acts as an routing table mapping source lanes to destination lanes. A `VectorShuffle` can encode a mathematical permutation as well as many other patterns of data movement.

Some vector operations are not lane-wise, but rather move data across lane boundaries. Such operations are typically rare in SIMD code, though they are sometimes necessary for specific algorithms that manipulate data formats at a low level, and/or require SIMD data to move in complex local patterns. (Local movement in a small window of a large array of data is relatively unusual, although some highly patterned algorithms call for it.) In this API such methods are always clearly recognizable, so that simpler lane-wise reasoning can be confidently applied to the rest of the code.

In some cases, vector lane boundaries are discarded and "redrawn from scratch", so that data in a given input lane might appear (in several parts) distributed through several output lanes, or (conversely) data from several input lanes might be consolidated into a single output lane. The fundamental method which can redraw lanes boundaries is `reinterpretShape()`. Built on top of this method, certain convenience methods such as `reinterpretAsBytes()` or `reinterpretAsInts()` will (potentially) redraw lane boundaries, while retaining the same overall vector shape.

Operations which produce or consume a scalar result can be viewed as very simple cross-lane operations. Methods in the `reduceLanes()` family fold together all lanes (or mask-selected lanes) of a method and return a single result. As an inverse, the `broadcast` family of methods can be thought of as crossing lanes in the other direction, from a scalar to all lanes of the output vector. Single-lane access methods such as `lane(I)` or `withLane(I,E)` might also be regarded as very simple cross-lane operations.

Likewise, a method which moves a non-byte vector to or from a byte array could be viewed as a cross-lane operation, because the vector lanes must be distributed into separate bytes, or (in the other direction) consolidated from array bytes.

Implementation Note:

  ## Hardware platform dependencies

  The Vector API is to accelerate computations in style of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), using available hardware resources such as vector hardware registers and vector hardware instructions. The API is designed to make effective use of multiple SIMD hardware platforms.

  This API will also work correctly even on Java platforms which do not include specialized hardware support for SIMD computations. The Vector API is not likely to provide any special performance benefit on such platforms.

  ## No boxing of primitives

  Although a vector type like `Vector<Integer>` may seem to work with boxed `Integer` values, the overheads associated with boxing are avoided by having each vector subtype work internally on lane values of the actual `ETYPE`, such as `int`.

  ## Value-based classes and identity operations

  `Vector`, along with all of its subtypes and many of its helper types like `VectorMask` and `VectorShuffle`, is a value-based class.

  Once created, a vector is never mutated, not even if only a single lane is changed. A new vector is always created to hold a new configuration of lane values. The unavailability of mutative methods is a necessary consequence of suppressing the object identity of all vectors, as value-based classes.

  With `Vector`, identity-sensitive operations such as `==` may yield unpredictable results, or reduced performance. Oddly enough, `v.equals(w)` is likely to be faster than `v==w`, since `equals` is not an identity sensitive method. It is also reasonable to use, on vectors, the `toString` and `hashCode` methods of `Object`. Also, these objects can be stored in locals and parameters and as `static final` constants, but storing them in other Java fields or in array elements, while semantically valid, may incur performance penalties.

- ## Method Summary

  Modifier and Type | Method | Description
  --- | --- | ---
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `abs()` | Returns the absolute value of this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `add​(Vector<E> v)` | Adds this vector to a second input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `add​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Adds this vector to a second input vector, selecting lanes under the control of a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `addIndex​(int scale)` | Adds the lanes of this vector to their corresponding lane numbers, scaled by a given constant.
  `abstract int` | `bitSize()` | Returns the total size, in bits, of this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `blend​(long e, VectorMask<E> m)` | Replaces selected lanes of this vector with a scalar value under the control of a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `blend​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Replaces selected lanes of this vector with corresponding lanes from a second input vector under the control of a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `broadcast​(long e)` | Returns a vector of the same species as this one where all lane elements are set to the primitive value `e`.
  `abstract int` | `byteSize()` | Returns the total size, in bytes, of this vector.
  `abstract <F> Vector<F>` | `castShape​(VectorSpecies<F> rsp, int part)` | Convenience method for converting a vector from one lane type to another, reshaping as needed when lane sizes change.
  `abstract <F> Vector<F>` | `check​(Class<F> elementType)` | Checks that this vector has the given element type, and returns this vector unchanged.
  `abstract <F> Vector<F>` | `check​(VectorSpecies<F> species)` | Checks that this vector has the given species, and returns this vector unchanged.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, long e)` | Tests this vector by comparing it with an input scalar, according to the given comparison operation.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, long e, VectorMask<E> m)` | Tests this vector by comparing it with an input scalar, according to the given comparison operation, in lanes selected by a mask.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, Vector<E> v)` | Tests this vector by comparing it with another input vector, according to the given comparison operation.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Tests this vector by comparing it with another input vector, according to the given comparison operation, in lanes selected by a mask.
  `abstract <F> Vector<F>` | `convert​(VectorOperators.Conversion<E,​F> conv, int part)` | Convert this vector to a vector of the same shape and a new element type, converting lane values from the current `ETYPE` to a new lane type (called `FTYPE` here) according to the indicated conversion.
  `abstract <F> Vector<F>` | `convertShape​(VectorOperators.Conversion<E,​F> conv, VectorSpecies<F> rsp, int part)` | Converts this vector to a vector of the given species, shape and element type, converting lane values from the current `ETYPE` to a new lane type (called `FTYPE` here) according to the indicated conversion.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `div​(Vector<E> v)` | Divides this vector by a second input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `div​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Divides this vector by a second input vector under the control of a mask.
  `abstract int` | `elementSize()` | Returns the size of each lane, in bits, of this vector.
  `abstract Class<E>` | `elementType()` | Returns the primitive element type (`ETYPE`) of this vector.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `eq​(Vector<E> v)` | Tests if this vector is equal to another input vector.
  `abstract boolean` | `equals​(Object obj)` | Indicates whether this vector is identical to some other object.
  `abstract int` | `hashCode()` | Returns a hash code value for the vector.
  `abstract void` | `intoByteArray​(byte[] a, int offset)` | Stores this vector into a byte array starting at an offset.
  `abstract void` | `intoByteArray​(byte[] a, int offset, ByteOrder bo, VectorMask<E> m)` | Stores this vector into a byte array starting at an offset using explicit byte order and a mask.
  `abstract void` | `intoByteArray​(byte[] a, int offset, VectorMask<E> m)` | Stores this vector into a byte array starting at an offset using a mask.
  `abstract void` | `intoByteBuffer​(ByteBuffer bb, int offset, ByteOrder bo)` | Stores this vector into a byte buffer starting at an offset using explicit byte order.
  `abstract void` | `intoByteBuffer​(ByteBuffer bb, int offset, ByteOrder bo, VectorMask<E> m)` | Stores this vector into a byte buffer starting at an offset using explicit byte order and a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, long e)` | Combines the lane values of this vector with the value of a broadcast scalar.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, long e, VectorMask<E> m)` | Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with those of a second input vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, Vector<E> v)` | Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with those of a second input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with those of a second input vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Ternary op, Vector<E> v1, Vector<E> v2)` | Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with the lanes of a second and a third input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Ternary op, Vector<E> v1, Vector<E> v2, VectorMask<E> m)` | Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with the lanes of a second and a third input vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Unary op)` | Operates on the lane values of this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `lanewise​(VectorOperators.Unary op, VectorMask<E> m)` | Operates on the lane values of this vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask.
  `abstract int` | `length()` | Returns the number of vector lanes (`VLENGTH`).
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `lt​(Vector<E> v)` | Tests if this vector is less than another input vector.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `maskAll​(boolean bit)` | Returns a mask of same species as this vector, where each lane is set or unset according to given single boolean, which is broadcast to all lanes.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `max​(Vector<E> v)` | Computes the larger of this vector and a second input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `min​(Vector<E> v)` | Computes the smaller of this vector and a second input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `mul​(Vector<E> v)` | Multiplies this vector by a second input vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `mul​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Multiplies this vector by a second input vector under the control of a mask.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `neg()` | Negates this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `rearrange​(VectorShuffle<E> s)` | Rearranges the lane elements of this vector, selecting lanes under the control of a specific shuffle.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `rearrange​(VectorShuffle<E> s, Vector<E> v)` | Rearranges the lane elements of two vectors, selecting lanes under the control of a specific shuffle, using both normal and exceptional indexes in the shuffle to steer data.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `rearrange​(VectorShuffle<E> s, VectorMask<E> m)` | Rearranges the lane elements of this vector, selecting lanes under the control of a specific shuffle and a mask.
  `abstract long` | `reduceLanesToLong​(VectorOperators.Associative op)` | Returns a value accumulated from all the lanes of this vector.
  `abstract long` | `reduceLanesToLong​(VectorOperators.Associative op, VectorMask<E> m)` | Returns a value accumulated from selected lanes of this vector, controlled by a mask.
  `abstract ByteVector` | `reinterpretAsBytes()` | Views this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `byte`, where the bytes are extracted from the lanes according to little-endian order.
  `abstract DoubleVector` | `reinterpretAsDoubles()` | Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `double`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order.
  `abstract FloatVector` | `reinterpretAsFloats()` | Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `float`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order.
  `abstract IntVector` | `reinterpretAsInts()` | Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `int`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order.
  `abstract LongVector` | `reinterpretAsLongs()` | Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `long`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order.
  `abstract ShortVector` | `reinterpretAsShorts()` | Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `short`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order.
  `abstract <F> Vector<F>` | `reinterpretShape​(VectorSpecies<F> species, int part)` | Transforms this vector to a vector of the given species of element type `F`, reinterpreting the bytes of this vector without performing any value conversions.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `selectFrom​(Vector<E> v)` | Using index values stored in the lanes of this vector, assemble values stored in second vector `v`.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `selectFrom​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Using index values stored in the lanes of this vector, assemble values stored in second vector, under the control of a mask.
  `abstract VectorShape` | `shape()` | Returns the shape of this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `slice​(int origin)` | Slices a segment of adjacent lanes, starting at a given `origin` lane in the current vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `slice​(int origin, Vector<E> v1)` | Slices a segment of adjacent lanes, starting at a given `origin` lane in the current vector, and continuing (as needed) into an immediately following vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `slice​(int origin, Vector<E> v1, VectorMask<E> m)` | Slices a segment of adjacent lanes under the control of a mask, starting at a given `origin` lane in the current vector, and continuing (as needed) into an immediately following vector.
  `abstract VectorSpecies<E>` | `species()` | Returns the species of this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `sub​(Vector<E> v)` | Subtracts a second input vector from this vector.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `sub​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)` | Subtracts a second input vector from this vector under the control of a mask.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `test​(VectorOperators.Test op)` | Tests the lanes of this vector according to the given operation.
  `abstract VectorMask<E>` | `test​(VectorOperators.Test op, VectorMask<E> m)` | Test selected lanes of this vector, according to the given operation.
  `abstract Object` | `toArray()` | Returns a packed array containing all the lane values.
  `abstract double[]` | `toDoubleArray()` | Returns a `double[]` array containing all the lane values, converted to the type `double`.
  `abstract int[]` | `toIntArray()` | Returns an `int[]` array containing all the lane values, converted to the type `int`.
  `abstract long[]` | `toLongArray()` | Returns a `long[]` array containing all the lane values, converted to the type `long`.
  `abstract VectorShuffle<E>` | `toShuffle()` | Converts this vector into a shuffle, converting the lane values to `int` and regarding them as source indexes.
  `abstract String` | `toString()` | Returns a string representation of this vector, of the form `"[0,1,2...]"`, reporting the lane values of this vector, in lane order.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `unslice​(int origin)` | Reverses a slice(), inserting the current vector as a slice within a "background" input of zero lane values.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `unslice​(int origin, Vector<E> w, int part)` | Reverses a slice(), inserting the current vector as a slice within another "background" input vector, which is regarded as one or the other input to a hypothetical subsequent `slice()` operation.
  `abstract Vector<E>` | `unslice​(int origin, Vector<E> w, int part, VectorMask<E> m)` | Reverses a slice(), inserting (under the control of a mask) the current vector as a slice within another "background" input vector, which is regarded as one or the other input to a hypothetical subsequent `slice()` operation.
  `abstract Vector<?>` | `viewAsFloatingLanes()` | Views this vector as a vector of the same shape, length, and contents, but a lane type that is a floating-point type.
  `abstract Vector<?>` | `viewAsIntegralLanes()` | Views this vector as a vector of the same shape, length, and contents, but a lane type that is not a floating-point type.

  ### Methods declared in class java.lang.Object

  `clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

- ## Method Details

  - ### species

    public abstract VectorSpecies<E> species()
    Returns the species of this vector.
    Returns:
      the species of this vector

  - ### elementType

    public abstract Class<E> elementType()
    Returns the primitive element type (`ETYPE`) of this vector. This is the same value as `this.species().elementType()`.
    Returns:
      the primitive element type of this vector

  - ### elementSize

    public abstract int elementSize()
    Returns the size of each lane, in bits, of this vector. This is the same value as `this.species().elementSize()`.
    Returns:
      the lane size, in bits, of this vector

  - ### shape

    public abstract VectorShape shape()
    Returns the shape of this vector. This is the same value as `this.species().vectorShape()`.
    Returns:
      the shape of this vector

  - ### length

    public abstract int length()
    Returns the number of vector lanes (`VLENGTH`).
    Returns:
      the number of vector lanes

  - ### bitSize

    public abstract int bitSize()
    Returns the total size, in bits, of this vector. This is the same value as `this.shape().vectorBitSize()`.
    Returns:
      the total size, in bits, of this vector

  - ### byteSize

    public abstract int byteSize()
    Returns the total size, in bytes, of this vector. This is the same value as `this.bitSize()/Byte.SIZE`.
    Returns:
      the total size, in bytes, of this vector

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Unary op)
    Operates on the lane values of this vector. This is a lane-wise unary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to process lane values
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the input vector
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.NEG`, `VectorOperators.NOT`, `VectorOperators.SIN`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary,VectorMask)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Ternary,Vector,Vector)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Unary op, VectorMask<E> m)
    Operates on the lane values of this vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask. This is a lane-wise unary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to process lane values
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the input vector
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, Vector<E> v)
    Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with those of a second input vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `v` - the input vector
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the two input vectors
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.ADD`, `VectorOperators.XOR`, `VectorOperators.ATAN2`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Ternary,Vector, Vector)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with those of a second input vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `v` - the second input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the two input vectors
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, long e)
    Combines the lane values of this vector with the value of a broadcast scalar. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane. The return value will be equal to this expression: `this.lanewise(op, this.broadcast(e))`.
    API Note:
      The `long` value `e` must be accurately representable by the `ETYPE` of this vector's species, so that `e==(long)(ETYPE)e`. This rule is enforced by the implicit call to `broadcast()`.

      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type and the type of the scalar parameter `e`.

    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `e` - the input scalar
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the input vector and the scalar
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given `long` value cannot be represented by the right operand type of the vector operation
    See Also:
      `broadcast(long)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,long,VectorMask)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Binary op, long e, VectorMask<E> m)
    Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with those of a second input vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane. The second operand is a broadcast integral value. The return value will be equal to this expression: `this.lanewise(op, this.broadcast(e), m)`.
    API Note:
      The `long` value `e` must be accurately representable by the `ETYPE` of this vector's species, so that `e==(long)(ETYPE)e`. This rule is enforced by the implicit call to `broadcast()`.

      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type and the type of the scalar parameter `e`.

    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `e` - the input scalar
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the input vector and the scalar
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given `long` value cannot be represented by the right operand type of the vector operation
    See Also:
      `broadcast(long)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Ternary op, Vector<E> v1, Vector<E> v2)
    Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with the lanes of a second and a third input vector. This is a lane-wise ternary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `v1` - the second input vector
      `v2` - the third input vector
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the three input vectors
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.BITWISE_BLEND`, `VectorOperators.FMA`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Ternary,Vector,Vector,VectorMask)`

  - ### lanewise

    public abstract Vector<E> lanewise​(VectorOperators.Ternary op, Vector<E> v1, Vector<E> v2, VectorMask<E> m)
    Combines the corresponding lane values of this vector with the lanes of a second and a third input vector, with selection of lane elements controlled by a mask. This is a lane-wise ternary operation which applies the selected operation to each lane.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `v1` - the second input vector
      `v2` - the third input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of applying the operation lane-wise to the three input vectors
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `lanewise(VectorOperators.Ternary,Vector,Vector)`

  - ### add

    public abstract Vector<E> add​(Vector<E> v)
    Adds this vector to a second input vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive addition operation (`+`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``ADD``, v)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the result of adding this vector to the second input vector
    See Also:
      `add(Vector,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.add(int)`, `VectorOperators.ADD`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int)`

  - ### add

    public abstract Vector<E> add​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Adds this vector to a second input vector, selecting lanes under the control of a mask. This is a masked lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive addition operation (`+`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. For any lane unset in the mask, the primitive operation is suppressed and this vector retains the original value stored in that lane. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``ADD``, v, m)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    Parameters:
      `v` - the second input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of adding this vector to the given vector
    See Also:
      `add(Vector)`, `IntVector.add(int,VectorMask)`, `VectorOperators.ADD`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int,VectorMask)`

  - ### sub

    public abstract Vector<E> sub​(Vector<E> v)
    Subtracts a second input vector from this vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive subtraction operation (`-`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``SUB``, v)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the result of subtracting the second input vector from this vector
    See Also:
      `sub(Vector,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.sub(int)`, `VectorOperators.SUB`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int)`

  - ### sub

    public abstract Vector<E> sub​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Subtracts a second input vector from this vector under the control of a mask. This is a masked lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive subtraction operation (`-`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. For any lane unset in the mask, the primitive operation is suppressed and this vector retains the original value stored in that lane. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``SUB``, v, m)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    Parameters:
      `v` - the second input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of subtracting the second input vector from this vector
    See Also:
      `sub(Vector)`, `IntVector.sub(int,VectorMask)`, `VectorOperators.SUB`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int,VectorMask)`

  - ### mul

    public abstract Vector<E> mul​(Vector<E> v)
    Multiplies this vector by a second input vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive multiplication operation (`*`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``MUL``, v)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the result of multiplying this vector by the second input vector
    See Also:
      `mul(Vector,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.mul(int)`, `VectorOperators.MUL`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int)`

  - ### mul

    public abstract Vector<E> mul​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Multiplies this vector by a second input vector under the control of a mask. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive multiplication operation (`*`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. For any lane unset in the mask, the primitive operation is suppressed and this vector retains the original value stored in that lane. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``MUL``, v, m)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    Parameters:
      `v` - the second input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of multiplying this vector by the given vector
    See Also:
      `mul(Vector)`, `IntVector.mul(int,VectorMask)`, `VectorOperators.MUL`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int,VectorMask)`

  - ### div

    public abstract Vector<E> div​(Vector<E> v)
    Divides this vector by a second input vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive division operation (`/`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``DIV``, v)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    API Note:
      If the underlying scalar operator does not support division by zero, but is presented with a zero divisor, an `ArithmeticException` will be thrown.
    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the result of dividing this vector by the second input vector
    Throws:
      `ArithmeticException` - if any lane in `v` is zero and `ETYPE` is not `float` or `double`.
    See Also:
      `div(Vector,VectorMask)`, `DoubleVector.div(double)`, `VectorOperators.DIV`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `IntVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,int)`

  - ### div

    public abstract Vector<E> div​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Divides this vector by a second input vector under the control of a mask. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the primitive division operation (`/`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. For any lane unset in the mask, the primitive operation is suppressed and this vector retains the original value stored in that lane. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``DIV``, v, m)`.

    As a full-service named operation, this method comes in masked and unmasked overloadings, and (in subclasses) also comes in scalar-broadcast overloadings (both masked and unmasked).

    API Note:
      If the underlying scalar operator does not support division by zero, but is presented with a zero divisor, an `ArithmeticException` will be thrown.
    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the result of dividing this vector by the second input vector
    Throws:
      `ArithmeticException` - if any lane selected by `m` in `v` is zero and `ETYPE` is not `float` or `double`.
    See Also:
      `div(Vector)`, `DoubleVector.div(double,VectorMask)`, `VectorOperators.DIV`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`, `DoubleVector.lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,double,VectorMask)`

  - ### neg

    public abstract Vector<E> neg()
    Negates this vector. This is a lane-wise unary operation which applies the primitive negation operation (`-x`) to each input lane. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``NEG``)`.
    API Note:
      This method has no masked variant, but the corresponding masked operation can be obtained from the lanewise method.
    Returns:
      the negation of this vector
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.NEG`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary,VectorMask)`

  - ### abs

    public abstract Vector<E> abs()
    Returns the absolute value of this vector. This is a lane-wise unary operation which applies the method `Math.abs` to each input lane. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``ABS``)`.
    API Note:
      This method has no masked variant, but the corresponding masked operation can be obtained from the lanewise method.
    Returns:
      the absolute value of this vector
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.ABS`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Unary,VectorMask)`

  - ### min

    public abstract Vector<E> min​(Vector<E> v)
    Computes the smaller of this vector and a second input vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the operation `Math.min()` to each pair of corresponding lane values. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``MIN``, v)`.
    API Note:
      This is not a full-service named operation like `add()`. A masked version of this operation is not directly available but may be obtained via the masked version of `lanewise`. Subclasses define an additional scalar-broadcast overloading of this method.
    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the lanewise minimum of this vector and the second input vector
    See Also:
      `IntVector.min(int)`, `VectorOperators.MIN`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`

  - ### max

    public abstract Vector<E> max​(Vector<E> v)
    Computes the larger of this vector and a second input vector. This is a lane-wise binary operation which applies the operation `Math.max()` to each pair of corresponding lane values. This method is also equivalent to the expression `lanewise``(``MAX``, v)`.

    This is not a full-service named operation like `add()`. A masked version of this operation is not directly available but may be obtained via the masked version of `lanewise`. Subclasses define an additional scalar-broadcast overloading of this method.

    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the lanewise maximum of this vector and the second input vector
    See Also:
      `IntVector.max(int)`, `VectorOperators.MAX`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector)`, `lanewise(VectorOperators.Binary,Vector,VectorMask)`

  - ### reduceLanesToLong

    public abstract long reduceLanesToLong​(VectorOperators.Associative op)
    Returns a value accumulated from all the lanes of this vector. This is an associative cross-lane reduction operation which applies the specified operation to all the lane elements. The result is delivered as a `long` value, rather than the vector's native `ETYPE`.

    In the case of operations `ADD` and `MUL`, when `ETYPE` is `float` or `double`, the precise result, before casting, will reflect the choice of an arbitrary order of operations, which may even vary over time. For further details see the section Operations on floating point vectors.

    API Note:
      If the `ETYPE` is `float` or `double`, this operation can lose precision and/or range, as a normal part of casting the result down to `long`. Usually strongly typed access is preferable, if you are working with a vector subtype that has a known element type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
    Returns:
      the accumulated result, cast to `long`
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `reduceLanesToLong(VectorOperators.Associative,VectorMask)`, `IntVector.reduceLanes(VectorOperators.Associative)`, `FloatVector.reduceLanes(VectorOperators.Associative)`

  - ### reduceLanesToLong

    public abstract long reduceLanesToLong​(VectorOperators.Associative op, VectorMask<E> m)
    Returns a value accumulated from selected lanes of this vector, controlled by a mask. This is an associative cross-lane reduction operation which applies the specified operation to the selected lane elements. The result is delivered as a `long` value, rather than the vector's native `ETYPE`.

    If no elements are selected, an operation-specific identity value is returned.

    - If the operation is `ADD`, `XOR`, or `OR`, then the identity value is zero.
    - If the operation is `MUL`, then the identity value is one.
    - If the operation is `AND`, then the identity value is minus one (all bits set).
    - If the operation is `MAX`, then the identity value is the `MIN_VALUE` of the vector's native `ETYPE`. (In the case of floating point types, the value `NEGATIVE_INFINITY` is used, and will appear after casting as `Long.MIN_VALUE`.
    - If the operation is `MIN`, then the identity value is the `MAX_VALUE` of the vector's native `ETYPE`. (In the case of floating point types, the value `POSITIVE_INFINITY` is used, and will appear after casting as `Long.MAX_VALUE`.

    In the case of operations `ADD` and `MUL`, when `ETYPE` is `float` or `double`, the precise result, before casting, will reflect the choice of an arbitrary order of operations, which may even vary over time. For further details see the section Operations on floating point vectors.

    API Note:
      If the `ETYPE` is `float` or `double`, this operation can lose precision and/or range, as a normal part of casting the result down to `long`. Usually strongly typed access is preferable, if you are working with a vector subtype that has a known element type.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to combine lane values
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the reduced result accumulated from the selected lane values
    Throws:
      `UnsupportedOperationException` - if this vector does not support the requested operation
    See Also:
      `reduceLanesToLong(VectorOperators.Associative)`, `IntVector.reduceLanes(VectorOperators.Associative,VectorMask)`, `FloatVector.reduceLanes(VectorOperators.Associative,VectorMask)`

  - ### test

    public abstract VectorMask<E> test​(VectorOperators.Test op)
    Tests the lanes of this vector according to the given operation. This is a lane-wise unary test operation which applies the given test operation to each lane value.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to test lane values
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing the lanes of this vector, according to the selected test operator
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.Comparison`, `test(VectorOperators.Test, VectorMask)`, `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison, Vector)`

  - ### test

    public abstract VectorMask<E> test​(VectorOperators.Test op, VectorMask<E> m)
    Test selected lanes of this vector, according to the given operation. This is a masked lane-wise unary test operation which applies the given test operation to each lane value. The returned result is equal to the expression `test(op).and(m)`.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to test lane values
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing the lanes of this vector, according to the selected test operator, and only in the lanes selected by the mask
    See Also:
      `test(VectorOperators.Test)`

  - ### eq

    public abstract VectorMask<E> eq​(Vector<E> v)
    Tests if this vector is equal to another input vector. This is a lane-wise binary test operation which applies the primitive equals operation (`==`) to each pair of corresponding lane values. The result is the same as `compare(VectorOperators.EQ, v)`.
    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing lane-wise if this vector equal to the second input vector
    See Also:
      `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison,Vector)`, `VectorOperators.EQ`

  - ### lt

    public abstract VectorMask<E> lt​(Vector<E> v)
    Tests if this vector is less than another input vector. This is a lane-wise binary test operation which applies the primitive less-than operation (`<`) to each lane. The result is the same as `compare(VectorOperators.LT, v)`.
    Parameters:
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing lane-wise if this vector is less than the second input vector
    See Also:
      `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison,Vector)`, `VectorOperators.LT`

  - ### compare

    public abstract VectorMask<E> compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, Vector<E> v)
    Tests this vector by comparing it with another input vector, according to the given comparison operation. This is a lane-wise binary test operation which applies the given comparison operation to each pair of corresponding lane values.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to compare lane values
      `v` - a second input vector
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing lane-wise if this vector compares to the input, according to the selected comparison operator
    See Also:
      `eq(Vector)`, `lt(Vector)`, `VectorOperators.Comparison`, `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison, Vector, VectorMask)`, `test(VectorOperators.Test)`

  - ### compare

    public abstract VectorMask<E> compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Tests this vector by comparing it with another input vector, according to the given comparison operation, in lanes selected by a mask. This is a masked lane-wise binary test operation which applies the given comparison operation to each pair of corresponding lane values. The returned result is equal to the expression `compare(op,v).and(m)`.
    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to compare lane values
      `v` - a second input vector
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing lane-wise if this vector compares to the input, according to the selected comparison operator, and only in the lanes selected by the mask
    See Also:
      `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison, Vector)`

  - ### compare

    public abstract VectorMask<E> compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, long e)
    Tests this vector by comparing it with an input scalar, according to the given comparison operation. This is a lane-wise binary test operation which applies the given comparison operation to each lane value, paired with the broadcast value.

    The result is the same as `this.compare(op, this.broadcast(s))`. That is, the scalar may be regarded as broadcast to a vector of the same species, and then compared against the original vector, using the selected comparison operation.

    API Note:
      The `long` value `e` must be accurately representable by the `ETYPE` of this vector's species, so that `e==(long)(ETYPE)e`. This rule is enforced by the implicit call to `broadcast()`.

      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the type of the scalar parameter `e`.

    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to compare lane values
      `e` - the input scalar
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing lane-wise if this vector compares to the input, according to the selected comparison operator
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given `long` value cannot be represented by the vector's `ETYPE`
    See Also:
      `broadcast(long)`, `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison,Vector)`

  - ### compare

    public abstract VectorMask<E> compare​(VectorOperators.Comparison op, long e, VectorMask<E> m)
    Tests this vector by comparing it with an input scalar, according to the given comparison operation, in lanes selected by a mask. This is a masked lane-wise binary test operation which applies the given comparison operation to each lane value, paired with the broadcast value. The returned result is equal to the expression `compare(op,s).and(m)`.
    API Note:
      The `long` value `e` must be accurately representable by the `ETYPE` of this vector's species, so that `e==(long)(ETYPE)e`. This rule is enforced by the implicit call to `broadcast()`.

      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the type of the scalar parameter `e`.

    Parameters:
      `op` - the operation used to compare lane values
      `e` - the input scalar
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Returns:
      the mask result of testing lane-wise if this vector compares to the input, according to the selected comparison operator, and only in the lanes selected by the mask
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given `long` value cannot be represented by the vector's `ETYPE`
    See Also:
      `broadcast(long)`, `compare(VectorOperators.Comparison,Vector)`

  - ### blend

    public abstract Vector<E> blend​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Replaces selected lanes of this vector with corresponding lanes from a second input vector under the control of a mask. This is a masked lane-wise binary operation which selects each lane value from one or the other input.
    - For any lane set in the mask, the new lane value is taken from the second input vector, and replaces whatever value was in the that lane of this vector.
    - For any lane unset in the mask, the replacement is suppressed and this vector retains the original value stored in that lane.
    The following pseudocode illustrates this behavior:

         Vector<E> a = ...;
         VectorSpecies<E> species = a.species();
         Vector<E> b = ...;
         b.check(species);
         VectorMask<E> m = ...;
         ETYPE[] ar = a.toArray();
         for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
             if (m.laneIsSet(i)) {
                 ar[i] = b.lane(i);
             }
         }
         return EVector.fromArray(s, ar, 0);

    Parameters:
      `v` - the second input vector, containing replacement lane values
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection from the second input vector
    Returns:
      the result of blending the lane elements of this vector with those of the second input vector

  - ### blend

    public abstract Vector<E> blend​(long e, VectorMask<E> m)
    Replaces selected lanes of this vector with a scalar value under the control of a mask. This is a masked lane-wise binary operation which selects each lane value from one or the other input. The returned result is equal to the expression `blend(broadcast(e),m)`.
    API Note:
      The `long` value `e` must be accurately representable by the `ETYPE` of this vector's species, so that `e==(long)(ETYPE)e`. This rule is enforced by the implicit call to `broadcast()`.

      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the type of the scalar parameter `e`.

    Parameters:
      `e` - the input scalar, containing the replacement lane value
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection of the scalar
    Returns:
      the result of blending the lane elements of this vector with the scalar value

  - ### addIndex

    public abstract Vector<E> addIndex​(int scale)
    Adds the lanes of this vector to their corresponding lane numbers, scaled by a given constant. This is a lane-wise unary operation which, for each lane `N`, computes the scaled index value `N*scale` and adds it to the value already in lane `N` of the current vector.

    The scale must not be so large, and the element size must not be so small, that that there would be an overflow when computing any of the `N*scale` or `VLENGTH*scale`, when the the result is represented using the vector lane type `ETYPE`.

    The following pseudocode illustrates this behavior:

         Vector<E> a = ...;
         VectorSpecies<E> species = a.species();
         ETYPE[] ar = a.toArray();
         for (int i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
             long d = (long)i * scale;
             if (d != (ETYPE) d)  throw ...;
             ar[i] += (ETYPE) d;
         }
         long d = (long)ar.length * scale;
         if (d != (ETYPE) d)  throw ...;
         return EVector.fromArray(s, ar, 0);

    Parameters:
      `scale` - the number to multiply by each lane index `N`, typically `1`
    Returns:
      the result of incrementing each lane element by its corresponding lane index `N`, scaled by `scale`
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the values in the interval `[0..VLENGTH*scale]` are not representable by the `ETYPE`

  - ### slice

    public abstract Vector<E> slice​(int origin, Vector<E> v1)
    Slices a segment of adjacent lanes, starting at a given `origin` lane in the current vector, and continuing (as needed) into an immediately following vector. The block of `VLENGTH` lanes is extracted into its own vector and returned.

    This is a cross-lane operation that shifts lane elements to the front, from the current vector and the second vector. Both vectors can be viewed as a combined "background" of length `2*VLENGTH`, from which a slice is extracted. The lane numbered `N` in the output vector is copied from lane `origin+N` of the input vector, if that lane exists, else from lane `origin+N-VLENGTH` of the second vector (which is guaranteed to exist).

    The `origin` value must be in the inclusive range `0..VLENGTH`. As limiting cases, `v.slice(0,w)` and `v.slice(VLENGTH,w)` return `v` and `w`, respectively.

    API Note:
      This method may be regarded as the inverse of `unslice()`, in that the sliced value could be unsliced back into its original position in the two input vectors, without disturbing unrelated elements, as in the following pseudocode:

           EVector slice = v1.slice(origin, v2);
           EVector w1 = slice.unslice(origin, v1, 0);
           EVector w2 = slice.unslice(origin, v2, 1);
           assert v1.equals(w1);
           assert v2.equals(w2);

      This method also supports a variety of cross-lane shifts and rotates as follows:

      - To shift lanes forward to the front of the vector, supply a zero vector for the second operand and specify the shift count as the origin. For example: `v.slice(shift, v.broadcast(0))`.
      - To shift lanes backward to the back of the vector, supply a zero vector for the first operand, and specify the negative shift count as the origin (modulo `VLENGTH`. For example: `v.broadcast(0).slice(v.length()-shift, v)`.
      - To rotate lanes forward toward the front end of the vector, cycling the earliest lanes around to the back, supply the same vector for both operands and specify the rotate count as the origin. For example: `v.slice(rotate, v)`.
      - To rotate lanes backward toward the back end of the vector, cycling the latest lanes around to the front, supply the same vector for both operands and specify the negative of the rotate count (modulo `VLENGTH`) as the origin. For example: `v.slice(v.length() - rotate, v)`.
      - Since `origin` values less then zero or more than `VLENGTH` will be rejected, if you need to rotate by an unpredictable multiple of `VLENGTH`, be sure to reduce the origin value into the required range. The `loopBound()` method can help with this. For example: `v.slice(rotate - v.species().loopBound(rotate), v)`.
    Parameters:
      `origin` - the first input lane to transfer into the slice
      `v1` - a second vector logically concatenated with the first, before the slice is taken (if omitted it defaults to zero)
    Returns:
      a contiguous slice of `VLENGTH` lanes, taken from this vector starting at the indicated origin, and continuing (as needed) into the second vector
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `origin` is negative or greater than `VLENGTH`
    See Also:
      `slice(int,Vector,VectorMask)`, `slice(int)`, `unslice(int,Vector,int)`

  - ### slice

    public abstract Vector<E> slice​(int origin, Vector<E> v1, VectorMask<E> m)
    Slices a segment of adjacent lanes under the control of a mask, starting at a given `origin` lane in the current vector, and continuing (as needed) into an immediately following vector. The block of `VLENGTH` lanes is extracted into its own vector and returned. The resulting vector will be zero in all lanes unset in the given mask. Lanes set in the mask will contain data copied from selected lanes of `this` or `v1`.

    This is a cross-lane operation that shifts lane elements to the front, from the current vector and the second vector. Both vectors can be viewed as a combined "background" of length `2*VLENGTH`, from which a slice is extracted. The returned result is equal to the expression `broadcast(0).blend(slice(origin,v1),m)`.

    API Note:
      This method may be regarded as the inverse of `#unslice(int,Vector,int,VectorMask) unslice()`, in that the sliced value could be unsliced back into its original position in the two input vectors, without disturbing unrelated elements, as in the following pseudocode:

           EVector slice = v1.slice(origin, v2, m);
           EVector w1 = slice.unslice(origin, v1, 0, m);
           EVector w2 = slice.unslice(origin, v2, 1, m);
           assert v1.equals(w1);
           assert v2.equals(w2);

    Parameters:
      `origin` - the first input lane to transfer into the slice
      `v1` - a second vector logically concatenated with the first, before the slice is taken (if omitted it defaults to zero)
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection into the resulting vector
    Returns:
      a contiguous slice of `VLENGTH` lanes, taken from this vector starting at the indicated origin, and continuing (as needed) into the second vector
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `origin` is negative or greater than `VLENGTH`
    See Also:
      `slice(int,Vector)`, `unslice(int,Vector,int,VectorMask)`

  - ### slice

    public abstract Vector<E> slice​(int origin)
    Slices a segment of adjacent lanes, starting at a given `origin` lane in the current vector. A block of `VLENGTH` lanes, possibly padded with zero lanes, is extracted into its own vector and returned. This is a convenience method which slices from a single vector against an extended background of zero lanes. It is equivalent to `slice``(origin,` `broadcast``(0))`. It may also be viewed simply as a cross-lane shift from later to earlier lanes, with zeroes filling in the vacated lanes at the end of the vector. In this view, the shift count is `origin`.
    Parameters:
      `origin` - the first input lane to transfer into the slice
    Returns:
      the last `VLENGTH-origin` input lanes, placed starting in the first lane of the ouput, padded at the end with zeroes
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `origin` is negative or greater than `VLENGTH`
    See Also:
      `slice(int,Vector)`, `unslice(int,Vector,int)`

  - ### unslice

    public abstract Vector<E> unslice​(int origin, Vector<E> w, int part)
    Reverses a slice(), inserting the current vector as a slice within another "background" input vector, which is regarded as one or the other input to a hypothetical subsequent `slice()` operation.

    This is a cross-lane operation that permutes the lane elements of the current vector toward the back and inserts them into a logical pair of background vectors. Only one of the pair will be returned, however. The background is formed by duplicating the second input vector. (However, the output will never contain two duplicates from the same input lane.) The lane numbered `N` in the input vector is copied into lane `origin+N` of the first background vector, if that lane exists, else into lane `origin+N-VLENGTH` of the second background vector (which is guaranteed to exist). The first or second background vector, updated with the inserted slice, is returned. The `part` number of zero or one selects the first or second updated background vector.

    The `origin` value must be in the inclusive range `0..VLENGTH`. As limiting cases, `v.unslice(0,w,0)` and `v.unslice(VLENGTH,w,1)` both return `v`, while `v.unslice(0,w,1)` and `v.unslice(VLENGTH,w,0)` both return `w`.

    API Note:
      This method supports a variety of cross-lane insertion operations as follows:
      - To insert near the end of a background vector `w` at some offset, specify the offset as the origin and select part zero. For example: `v.unslice(offset, w, 0)`.
      - To insert near the end of a background vector `w`, but capturing the overflow into the next vector `x`, specify the offset as the origin and select part one. For example: `v.unslice(offset, x, 1)`.
      - To insert the last `N` items near the beginning of a background vector `w`, supply a `VLENGTH-N` as the origin and select part one. For example: `v.unslice(v.length()-N, w)`.
    Parameters:
      `origin` - the first output lane to receive the slice
      `w` - the background vector that (as two copies) will receive the inserted slice
      `part` - the part number of the result (either zero or one)
    Returns:
      either the first or second part of a pair of background vectors `w`, updated by inserting this vector at the indicated origin
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `origin` is negative or greater than `VLENGTH`, or if `part` is not zero or one
    See Also:
      `slice(int,Vector)`, `unslice(int,Vector,int,VectorMask)`

  - ### unslice

    public abstract Vector<E> unslice​(int origin, Vector<E> w, int part, VectorMask<E> m)
    Reverses a slice(), inserting (under the control of a mask) the current vector as a slice within another "background" input vector, which is regarded as one or the other input to a hypothetical subsequent `slice()` operation.

    This is a cross-lane operation that permutes the lane elements of the current vector forward and inserts its lanes (when selected by the mask) into a logical pair of background vectors. As with the unmasked version of this method, only one of the pair will be returned, as selected by the `part` number. For each lane `N` selected by the mask, the lane value is copied into lane `origin+N` of the first background vector, if that lane exists, else into lane `origin+N-VLENGTH` of the second background vector (which is guaranteed to exist). Background lanes retain their original values if the corresponding input lanes `N` are unset in the mask. The first or second background vector, updated with set lanes of the inserted slice, is returned. The `part` number of zero or one selects the first or second updated background vector.

    Parameters:
      `origin` - the first output lane to receive the slice
      `w` - the background vector that (as two copies) will receive the inserted slice, if they are set in `m`
      `part` - the part number of the result (either zero or one)
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection from the current vector
    Returns:
      either the first or second part of a pair of background vectors `w`, updated by inserting selected lanes of this vector at the indicated origin
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `origin` is negative or greater than `VLENGTH`, or if `part` is not zero or one
    See Also:
      `unslice(int,Vector,int)`, `slice(int,Vector)`

  - ### unslice

    public abstract Vector<E> unslice​(int origin)
    Reverses a slice(), inserting the current vector as a slice within a "background" input of zero lane values. Compared to other `unslice()` methods, this method only returns the first of the pair of background vectors. This is a convenience method which returns the result of `unslice``(origin,` `broadcast``(0), 0)`. It may also be viewed simply as a cross-lane shift from earlier to later lanes, with zeroes filling in the vacated lanes at the beginning of the vector. In this view, the shift count is `origin`.
    Parameters:
      `origin` - the first output lane to receive the slice
    Returns:
      the first `VLENGTH-origin` input lanes, placed starting at the given origin, padded at the beginning with zeroes
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `origin` is negative or greater than `VLENGTH`
    See Also:
      `unslice(int,Vector,int)`, `slice(int)`

  - ### rearrange

    public abstract Vector<E> rearrange​(VectorShuffle<E> s)
    Rearranges the lane elements of this vector, selecting lanes under the control of a specific shuffle. This is a cross-lane operation that rearranges the lane elements of this vector. For each lane `N` of the shuffle, and for each lane source index `I=s.laneSource(N)` in the shuffle, the output lane `N` obtains the value from the input vector at lane `I`.
    Parameters:
      `s` - the shuffle controlling lane index selection
    Returns:
      the rearrangement of the lane elements of this vector
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if there are any exceptional source indexes in the shuffle
    See Also:
      `rearrange(VectorShuffle,VectorMask)`, `rearrange(VectorShuffle,Vector)`, `VectorShuffle.laneIsValid()`

  - ### rearrange

    public abstract Vector<E> rearrange​(VectorShuffle<E> s, VectorMask<E> m)
    Rearranges the lane elements of this vector, selecting lanes under the control of a specific shuffle and a mask. This is a cross-lane operation that rearranges the lane elements of this vector. For each lane `N` of the shuffle, and for each lane source index `I=s.laneSource(N)` in the shuffle, the output lane `N` obtains the value from the input vector at lane `I` if the mask is set. Otherwise the output lane `N` is set to zero.

    This method returns the value of this pseudocode:

         Vector<E> r = this.rearrange(s.wrapIndexes());
         VectorMask<E> valid = s.laneIsValid();
         if (m.andNot(valid).anyTrue()) throw ...;
         return broadcast(0).blend(r, m);

    Parameters:
      `s` - the shuffle controlling lane index selection
      `m` - the mask controlling application of the shuffle
    Returns:
      the rearrangement of the lane elements of this vector
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if there are any exceptional source indexes in the shuffle where the mask is set
    See Also:
      `rearrange(VectorShuffle)`, `rearrange(VectorShuffle,Vector)`, `VectorShuffle.laneIsValid()`

  - ### rearrange

    public abstract Vector<E> rearrange​(VectorShuffle<E> s, Vector<E> v)
    Rearranges the lane elements of two vectors, selecting lanes under the control of a specific shuffle, using both normal and exceptional indexes in the shuffle to steer data. This is a cross-lane operation that rearranges the lane elements of the two input vectors (the current vector and a second vector `v`). For each lane `N` of the shuffle, and for each lane source index `I=s.laneSource(N)` in the shuffle, the output lane `N` obtains the value from the first vector at lane `I` if `I>=0`. Otherwise, the exceptional index `I` is wrapped by adding `VLENGTH` to it and used to index the second vector, at index `I+VLENGTH`.

    This method returns the value of this pseudocode:

         Vector<E> r1 = this.rearrange(s.wrapIndexes());
         // or else: r1 = this.rearrange(s, s.laneIsValid());
         Vector<E> r2 = v.rearrange(s.wrapIndexes());
         return r2.blend(r1,s.laneIsValid());

    Parameters:
      `s` - the shuffle controlling lane selection from both input vectors
      `v` - the second input vector
    Returns:
      the rearrangement of lane elements of this vector and a second input vector
    See Also:
      `rearrange(VectorShuffle)`, `rearrange(VectorShuffle,VectorMask)`, `VectorShuffle.laneIsValid()`, `slice(int,Vector)`

  - ### selectFrom

    public abstract Vector<E> selectFrom​(Vector<E> v)
    Using index values stored in the lanes of this vector, assemble values stored in second vector `v`. The second vector thus serves as a table, whose elements are selected by indexes in the current vector. This is a cross-lane operation that rearranges the lane elements of the argument vector, under the control of this vector. For each lane `N` of this vector, and for each lane value `I=this.lane(N)` in this vector, the output lane `N` obtains the value from the argument vector at lane `I`. In this way, the result contains only values stored in the argument vector `v`, but presented in an order which depends on the index values in `this`. The result is the same as the expression `v.rearrange(this.toShuffle())`.
    Parameters:
      `v` - the vector supplying the result values
    Returns:
      the rearrangement of the lane elements of `v`
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if any invalid source indexes are found in `this`
    See Also:
      `rearrange(VectorShuffle)`

  - ### selectFrom

    public abstract Vector<E> selectFrom​(Vector<E> v, VectorMask<E> m)
    Using index values stored in the lanes of this vector, assemble values stored in second vector, under the control of a mask. Using index values stored in the lanes of this vector, assemble values stored in second vector `v`. The second vector thus serves as a table, whose elements are selected by indexes in the current vector. Lanes that are unset in the mask receive a zero rather than a value from the table. This is a cross-lane operation that rearranges the lane elements of the argument vector, under the control of this vector and the mask. The result is the same as the expression `v.rearrange(this.toShuffle(), m)`.
    Parameters:
      `v` - the vector supplying the result values
      `m` - the mask controlling selection from `v`
    Returns:
      the rearrangement of the lane elements of `v`
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if any invalid source indexes are found in `this`, in a lane which is set in the mask
    See Also:
      `selectFrom(Vector)`, `rearrange(VectorShuffle,VectorMask)`

  - ### broadcast

    public abstract Vector<E> broadcast​(long e)
    Returns a vector of the same species as this one where all lane elements are set to the primitive value `e`. The contents of the current vector are discarded; only the species is relevant to this operation.

    This method returns the value of this expression: `EVector.broadcast(this.species(), (ETYPE)e)`, where `EVector` is the vector class specific to this vector's element type `ETYPE`.

    The `long` value `e` must be accurately representable by the `ETYPE` of this vector's species, so that `e==(long)(ETYPE)e`. If this rule is violated the problem is not detected statically, but an `IllegalArgumentException` is thrown at run-time. Thus, this method somewhat weakens the static type checking of immediate constants and other scalars, but it makes up for this by improving the expressiveness of the generic API. Note that an `e` value in the range `[-128..127]` is always acceptable, since every `ETYPE` will accept every `byte` value.

    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the method return type and and the type of the scalar parameter `e`.
    Parameters:
      `e` - the value to broadcast
    Returns:
      a vector where all lane elements are set to the primitive value `e`
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if the given `long` value cannot be represented by the vector's `ETYPE`
    See Also:
      `VectorSpecies.broadcast(long)`, `IntVector.broadcast(int)`, `FloatVector.broadcast(float)`

  - ### maskAll

    public abstract VectorMask<E> maskAll​(boolean bit)
    Returns a mask of same species as this vector, where each lane is set or unset according to given single boolean, which is broadcast to all lanes.

    This method returns the value of this expression: `species().maskAll(bit)`.

    Parameters:
      `bit` - the given mask bit to be replicated
    Returns:
      a mask where each lane is set or unset according to the given bit
    See Also:
      `VectorSpecies.maskAll(boolean)`

  - ### toShuffle

    public abstract VectorShuffle<E> toShuffle()
    Converts this vector into a shuffle, converting the lane values to `int` and regarding them as source indexes.

    This method behaves as if it returns the result of creating a shuffle given an array of the vector elements, as follows:

         long[] a = this.toLongArray();
         int[] sa = new int[a.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
             sa[i] = (int) a[i];
         }
         return VectorShuffle.fromValues(this.species(), sa);

    Returns:
      a shuffle representation of this vector
    See Also:
      `VectorShuffle.fromValues(VectorSpecies,int...)`

  - ### reinterpretShape

    public abstract <F> Vector<F> reinterpretShape​(VectorSpecies<F> species, int part)
    Transforms this vector to a vector of the given species of element type `F`, reinterpreting the bytes of this vector without performing any value conversions.

    Depending on the selected species, this operation may either expand or contract its logical result, in which case a non-zero `part` number can further control the selection and steering of the logical result into the physical output vector.

    The underlying bits of this vector are copied to the resulting vector without modification, but those bits, before copying, may be truncated if the this vector's bit-size is greater than desired vector's bit size, or filled with zero bits if this vector's bit-size is less than desired vector's bit-size.

    If the old and new species have different shape, this is a shape-changing operation, and may have special implementation costs.

    The method behaves as if this vector is stored into a byte buffer or array using little-endian byte ordering and then the desired vector is loaded from the same byte buffer or array using the same ordering.

    The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior:

         int domSize = this.byteSize();
         int ranSize = species.vectorByteSize();
         int M = (domSize > ranSize ? domSize / ranSize : ranSize / domSize);
         assert Math.abs(part) < M;
         assert (part == 0) || (part > 0) == (domSize > ranSize);
         byte[] ra = new byte[Math.max(domSize, ranSize)];
         if (domSize > ranSize) {  // expansion
             this.intoByteArray(ra, 0);
             int origin = part * ranSize;
             return species.fromByteArray(ra, origin);
         } else {  // contraction or size-invariant
             int origin = (-part) * domSize;
             this.intoByteArray(ra, origin);
             return species.fromByteArray(ra, 0);
         }

    API Note:
      Although this method is defined as if the vectors in question were loaded or stored into memory, memory semantics has little to do or nothing with the actual implementation. The appeal to little-endian ordering is simply a shorthand for what could otherwise be a large number of detailed rules concerning the mapping between lane-structured vectors and byte-structured vectors.
    Type Parameters:
      `F` - the boxed element type of the species
    Parameters:
      `species` - the desired vector species
      `part` - the part number of the result, or zero if neither expanding nor contracting
    Returns:
      a vector transformed, by shape and element type, from this vector
    See Also:
      `convertShape(VectorOperators.Conversion,VectorSpecies,int)`, `castShape(VectorSpecies,int)`, `VectorSpecies.partLimit(VectorSpecies,boolean)`

  - ### reinterpretAsBytes

    public abstract ByteVector reinterpretAsBytes()
    Views this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `byte`, where the bytes are extracted from the lanes according to little-endian order. It is a convenience method for the expression `reinterpretShape(species().withLanes(byte.class))`. It may be considered an inverse to the various methods which consolidate bytes into larger lanes within the same vector, such as `reinterpretAsInts()`.
    Returns:
      a `ByteVector` with the same shape and information content
    See Also:
      `reinterpretShape(VectorSpecies,int)`, `IntVector.intoByteArray(byte[], int)`, `FloatVector.intoByteArray(byte[], int)`, `VectorSpecies.withLanes(Class)`

  - ### reinterpretAsShorts

    public abstract ShortVector reinterpretAsShorts()
    Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `short`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order. It is a convenience method for the expression `reinterpretShape(species().withLanes(short.class))`. It may be considered an inverse to `reinterpretAsBytes()`.
    Returns:
      a `ShortVector` with the same shape and information content

  - ### reinterpretAsInts

    public abstract IntVector reinterpretAsInts()
    Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `int`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order. It is a convenience method for the expression `reinterpretShape(species().withLanes(int.class))`. It may be considered an inverse to `reinterpretAsBytes()`.
    Returns:
      a `IntVector` with the same shape and information content

  - ### reinterpretAsLongs

    public abstract LongVector reinterpretAsLongs()
    Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `long`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order. It is a convenience method for the expression `reinterpretShape(species().withLanes(long.class))`. It may be considered an inverse to `reinterpretAsBytes()`.
    Returns:
      a `LongVector` with the same shape and information content

  - ### reinterpretAsFloats

    public abstract FloatVector reinterpretAsFloats()
    Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `float`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order. It is a convenience method for the expression `reinterpretShape(species().withLanes(float.class))`. It may be considered an inverse to `reinterpretAsBytes()`.
    Returns:
      a `FloatVector` with the same shape and information content

  - ### reinterpretAsDoubles

    public abstract DoubleVector reinterpretAsDoubles()
    Reinterprets this vector as a vector of the same shape and contents but a lane type of `double`, where the lanes are assembled from successive bytes according to little-endian order. It is a convenience method for the expression `reinterpretShape(species().withLanes(double.class))`. It may be considered an inverse to `reinterpretAsBytes()`.
    Returns:
      a `DoubleVector` with the same shape and information content

  - ### viewAsIntegralLanes

    public abstract Vector<?> viewAsIntegralLanes()
    Views this vector as a vector of the same shape, length, and contents, but a lane type that is not a floating-point type. This is a lane-wise reinterpretation cast on the lane values. As such, this method does not change `VSHAPE` or `VLENGTH`, and there is no change to the bitwise contents of the vector. If the vector's `ETYPE` is already an integral type, the same vector is returned unchanged. This method returns the value of this expression: `convert(conv,0)`, where `conv` is `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofReinterpret(E.class,F.class)`, and `F` is the non-floating-point type of the same size as `E`.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the return type.
    Returns:
      the original vector, reinterpreted as non-floating point
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofReinterpret(Class,Class)`, `convert(VectorOperators.Conversion,int)`

  - ### viewAsFloatingLanes

    public abstract Vector<?> viewAsFloatingLanes()
    Views this vector as a vector of the same shape, length, and contents, but a lane type that is a floating-point type. This is a lane-wise reinterpretation cast on the lane values. As such, there this method does not change `VSHAPE` or `VLENGTH`, and there is no change to the bitwise contents of the vector. If the vector's `ETYPE` is already a float-point type, the same vector is returned unchanged. If the vector's element size does not match any floating point type size, an `IllegalArgumentException` is thrown. This method returns the value of this expression: `convert(conv,0)`, where `conv` is `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofReinterpret(E.class,F.class)`, and `F` is the floating-point type of the same size as `E`, if any.
    API Note:
      Subtypes improve on this method by sharpening the return type.
    Returns:
      the original vector, reinterpreted as floating point
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if there is no floating point type the same size as the lanes of this vector
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofReinterpret(Class,Class)`, `convert(VectorOperators.Conversion,int)`

  - ### convert

    public abstract <F> Vector<F> convert​(VectorOperators.Conversion<E,​F> conv, int part)
    Convert this vector to a vector of the same shape and a new element type, converting lane values from the current `ETYPE` to a new lane type (called `FTYPE` here) according to the indicated conversion. This is a lane-wise shape-invariant operation which copies `ETYPE` values from the input vector to corresponding `FTYPE` values in the result. Depending on the selected conversion, this operation may either expand or contract its logical result, in which case a non-zero `part` number can further control the selection and steering of the logical result into the physical output vector.

    Each specific conversion is described by a conversion constant in the class `VectorOperators`. Each conversion operator has a specified domain type and range type. The domain type must exactly match the lane type of the input vector, while the range type determines the lane type of the output vectors.

    A conversion operator may be classified as (respectively) in-place, expanding, or contracting, depending on whether the bit-size of its domain type is (respectively) equal, less than, or greater than the bit-size of its range type.

    Independently, conversion operations can also be classified as reinterpreting or value-transforming, depending on whether the conversion copies representation bits unchanged, or changes the representation bits in order to retain (part or all of) the logical value of the input value.

    If a reinterpreting conversion contracts, it will truncate the upper bits of the input. If it expands, it will pad upper bits of the output with zero bits, when there are no corresponding input bits.

    As another variation of behavior, an in-place conversion can incorporate an expanding or contracting conversion, while retaining the same lane size between input and output. In the case of a contraction, the lane value is first converted to the smaller value, and then zero-padded (as if by a subsequent reinterpretation) before storing into the output lane. In the case of an expansion, the lane value is first truncated to the smaller value (as if by an initial reinterpretation), and then converted before storing into the output lane.

    An expanding conversion such as `S2I` (`short` value to `int`) takes a scalar value and represents it in a larger format (always with some information redundancy). A contracting conversion such as `D2F` (`double` value to `float`) takes a scalar value and represents it in a smaller format (always with some information loss). Some in-place conversions may also include information loss, such as `L2D` (`long` value to `double`) or `F2I` (`float` value to `int`). Reinterpreting in-place conversions are not lossy, unless the bitwise value is somehow not legal in the output type. Converting the bit-pattern of a `NaN` may discard bits from the `NaN`'s significand.

    This classification is important, because, unless otherwise documented, conversion operations never change vector shape, regardless of how they may change lane sizes. Therefore an expanding conversion cannot store all of its results in its output vector, because the output vector has fewer lanes of larger size, in order to have the same overall bit-size as its input. Likewise, a contracting conversion must store its relatively small results into a subset of the lanes of the output vector, defaulting the unused lanes to zero.

    As an example, a conversion from `byte` to `long` (`M=8`) will discard 87.5% of the input values in order to convert the remaining 12.5% into the roomy `long` lanes of the output vector. The inverse conversion will convert back all of the large results, but will waste 87.5% of the lanes in the output vector. In-place conversions (`M=1`) deliver all of their results in one output vector, without wasting lanes.

    To manage the details of these expansions and contractions, a non-zero `part` parameter selects partial results from expansions, or steers the results of contractions into corresponding locations, as follows:

    - expanding by `M`: `part` must be in the range `[0..M-1]`, and selects the block of `VLENGTH/M` input lanes starting at the origin lane at `part*VLENGTH/M`.

      The `VLENGTH/M` output lanes represent a partial slice of the whole logical result of the conversion, filling the entire physical output vector.

    - contracting by `M`: `part` must be in the range `[-M+1..0]`, and steers all `VLENGTH` input lanes into the output located at the origin lane `-part*VLENGTH`. There is a total of `VLENGTH*M` output lanes, and those not holding converted input values are filled with zeroes.

      A group of such output vectors, with logical result parts steered to disjoint blocks, can be reassembled using the bitwise or or (for floating point) the `FIRST_NONZERO` operator.

    - in-place (`M=1`): `part` must be zero. Both vectors have the same `VLENGTH`. The result is always positioned at the origin lane of zero.

    This method is a restricted version of the more general but less frequently used shape-changing method `convertShape()`. The result of this method is the same as the expression `this.convertShape(conv, rsp, this.broadcast(part))`, where the output species is `rsp=this.species().withLanes(FTYPE.class)`.

    Type Parameters:
      `F` - the boxed element type of the species
    Parameters:
      `conv` - the desired scalar conversion to apply lane-wise
      `part` - the part number of the result, or zero if neither expanding nor contracting
    Returns:
      a vector converted by shape and element type from this vector
    Throws:
      `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException` - unless `part` is zero, or else the expansion ratio is `M` and `part` is positive and less than `M`, or else the contraction ratio is `M` and `part` is negative and greater `-M`
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.I2L`, `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofCast(Class,Class)`, `VectorSpecies.partLimit(VectorSpecies,boolean)`, `viewAsFloatingLanes()`, `viewAsIntegralLanes()`, `convertShape(VectorOperators.Conversion,VectorSpecies,int)`, `reinterpretShape(VectorSpecies,int)`

  - ### convertShape

    public abstract <F> Vector<F> convertShape​(VectorOperators.Conversion<E,​F> conv, VectorSpecies<F> rsp, int part)
    Converts this vector to a vector of the given species, shape and element type, converting lane values from the current `ETYPE` to a new lane type (called `FTYPE` here) according to the indicated conversion. This is a lane-wise operation which copies `ETYPE` values from the input vector to corresponding `FTYPE` values in the result.

    If the old and new species have the same shape, the behavior is exactly the same as the simpler, shape-invariant method `convert()`. In such cases, the simpler method `convert()` should be used, to make code easier to reason about. Otherwise, this is a shape-changing operation, and may have special implementation costs.

    As a combined effect of shape changes and lane size changes, the input and output species may have different lane counts, causing expansion or contraction. In this case a non-zero `part` parameter selects partial results from an expanded logical result, or steers the results of a contracted logical result into a physical output vector of the required output species.

    The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior of this method for in-place, expanding, and contracting conversions. (This pseudocode also applies to the shape-invariant method, but with shape restrictions on the output species.) Note that only one of the three code paths is relevant to any particular combination of conversion operator and shapes.

         FTYPE scalar_conversion_op(ETYPE s);
         EVector a = ...;
         VectorSpecies<F> rsp = ...;
         int part = ...;
         VectorSpecies<E> dsp = a.species();
         int domlen = dsp.length();
         int ranlen = rsp.length();
         FTYPE[] logical = new FTYPE[domlen];
         for (int i = 0; i < domlen; i++) {
           logical[i] = scalar_conversion_op(a.lane(i));
         }
         FTYPE[] physical;
         if (domlen == ranlen) { // in-place
             assert part == 0; //else AIOOBE
             physical = logical;
         } else if (domlen > ranlen) { // expanding
             int M = domlen / ranlen;
             assert 0 <= part && part < M; //else AIOOBE
             int origin = part * ranlen;
             physical = Arrays.copyOfRange(logical, origin, origin + ranlen);
         } else { // (domlen < ranlen) // contracting
             int M = ranlen / domlen;
             assert 0 >= part && part > -M; //else AIOOBE
             int origin = -part * domlen;
             System.arraycopy(logical, 0, physical, origin, domlen);
         }
         return FVector.fromArray(ran, physical, 0);

    Type Parameters:
      `F` - the boxed element type of the output species
    Parameters:
      `conv` - the desired scalar conversion to apply lane-wise
      `rsp` - the desired output species
      `part` - the part number of the result, or zero if neither expanding nor contracting
    Returns:
      a vector converted by element type from this vector
    See Also:
      `convert(VectorOperators.Conversion,int)`, `castShape(VectorSpecies,int)`, `reinterpretShape(VectorSpecies,int)`

  - ### castShape

    public abstract <F> Vector<F> castShape​(VectorSpecies<F> rsp, int part)
    Convenience method for converting a vector from one lane type to another, reshaping as needed when lane sizes change. This method returns the value of this expression: `convertShape(conv,rsp,part)`, where `conv` is `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofCast(E.class,F.class)`.

    If the old and new species have different shape, this is a shape-changing operation, and may have special implementation costs.

    Type Parameters:
      `F` - the boxed element type of the output species
    Parameters:
      `rsp` - the desired output species
      `part` - the part number of the result, or zero if neither expanding nor contracting
    Returns:
      a vector converted by element type from this vector
    See Also:
      `VectorOperators.Conversion.ofCast(Class,Class)`, `convertShape(VectorOperators.Conversion,VectorSpecies,int)`

  - ### check

    public abstract <F> Vector<F> check​(Class<F> elementType)
    Checks that this vector has the given element type, and returns this vector unchanged. The effect is similar to this pseudocode: `elementType == species().elementType() ? this : throw new ClassCastException()`.
    Type Parameters:
      `F` - the boxed element type of the required lane type
    Parameters:
      `elementType` - the required lane type
    Returns:
      the same vector
    Throws:
      `ClassCastException` - if the vector has the wrong element type
    See Also:
      `VectorSpecies.check(Class)`, `VectorMask.check(Class)`, `check(VectorSpecies)`, `VectorShuffle.check(VectorSpecies)`

  - ### check

    public abstract <F> Vector<F> check​(VectorSpecies<F> species)
    Checks that this vector has the given species, and returns this vector unchanged. The effect is similar to this pseudocode: `species == species() ? this : throw new ClassCastException()`.
    Type Parameters:
      `F` - the boxed element type of the required species
    Parameters:
      `species` - the required species
    Returns:
      the same vector
    Throws:
      `ClassCastException` - if the vector has the wrong species
    See Also:
      `check(Class)`, `VectorMask.check(VectorSpecies)`, `VectorShuffle.check(VectorSpecies)`

  - ### intoByteArray

    public abstract void intoByteArray​(byte[] a, int offset)
    Stores this vector into a byte array starting at an offset.

    Bytes are extracted from primitive lane elements according to little endian ordering. The lanes are stored according to their memory ordering.

    This method behaves as if it calls `intoByteBuffer()` as follows:

         var bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(a);
         var bo = ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
         var m = maskAll(true);
         intoByteBuffer(bb, offset, bo, m);

    Parameters:
      `a` - the byte array
      `offset` - the offset into the array
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `offset+N*ESIZE < 0` or `offset+(N+1)*ESIZE > a.length` for any lane `N` in the vector

  - ### intoByteArray

    public abstract void intoByteArray​(byte[] a, int offset, VectorMask<E> m)
    Stores this vector into a byte array starting at an offset using a mask.

    Bytes are extracted from primitive lane elements according to little endian ordering. The lanes are stored according to their memory ordering.

    This method behaves as if it calls `intoByteBuffer()` as follows:

         var bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(a);
         var bo = ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
         intoByteBuffer(bb, offset, bo, m);

    Parameters:
      `a` - the byte array
      `offset` - the offset into the array
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `offset+N*ESIZE < 0` or `offset+(N+1)*ESIZE > a.length` for any lane `N` in the vector where the mask is set

  - ### intoByteArray

    public abstract void intoByteArray​(byte[] a, int offset, ByteOrder bo, VectorMask<E> m)
    Stores this vector into a byte array starting at an offset using explicit byte order and a mask.

    Bytes are extracted from primitive lane elements according to the specified byte ordering. The lanes are stored according to their memory ordering.

    This method behaves as if it calls `intoByteBuffer()` as follows:

         var bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(a);
         intoByteBuffer(bb, offset, bo, m);

    Parameters:
      `a` - the byte array
      `offset` - the offset into the array
      `bo` - the intended byte order
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `offset+N*ESIZE < 0` or `offset+(N+1)*ESIZE > a.length` for any lane `N` in the vector where the mask is set

  - ### intoByteBuffer

    public abstract void intoByteBuffer​(ByteBuffer bb, int offset, ByteOrder bo)
    Stores this vector into a byte buffer starting at an offset using explicit byte order.

    Bytes are extracted from primitive lane elements according to the specified byte ordering. The lanes are stored according to their memory ordering.

    This method behaves as if it calls `intoByteBuffer()` as follows:

         var m = maskAll(true);
         intoByteBuffer(bb, offset, bo, m);

    Parameters:
      `bb` - the byte buffer
      `offset` - the offset into the array
      `bo` - the intended byte order
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `offset+N*ESIZE < 0` or `offset+(N+1)*ESIZE > bb.limit()` for any lane `N` in the vector

  - ### intoByteBuffer

    public abstract void intoByteBuffer​(ByteBuffer bb, int offset, ByteOrder bo, VectorMask<E> m)
    Stores this vector into a byte buffer starting at an offset using explicit byte order and a mask.

    Bytes are extracted from primitive lane elements according to the specified byte ordering. The lanes are stored according to their memory ordering.

    The following pseudocode illustrates the behavior, where the primitive element type is not of `byte`, `EBuffer` is the primitive buffer type, `ETYPE` is the primitive element type, and `EVector` is the primitive vector type for this vector:

         EBuffer eb = bb.duplicate()
             .position(offset)
             .order(bo).asEBuffer();
         ETYPE[] a = this.toArray();
         for (int n = 0; n < a.length; n++) {
             if (m.laneIsSet(n)) {
                 eb.put(n, a[n]);
             }
         }

    When the primitive element type is of `byte` the primitive byte buffer is obtained as follows, where operation on the buffer remains the same as in the prior pseudocode:

         ByteBuffer eb = bb.duplicate()
             .position(offset);

    Implementation Note:
      This operation is likely to be more efficient if the specified byte order is the same as the platform native order, since this method will not need to reorder the bytes of lane values. In the special case where `ETYPE` is `byte`, the byte order argument is ignored.
    Parameters:
      `bb` - the byte buffer
      `offset` - the offset into the array
      `bo` - the intended byte order
      `m` - the mask controlling lane selection
    Throws:
      `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - if `offset+N*ESIZE < 0` or `offset+(N+1)*ESIZE > bb.limit()` for any lane `N` in the vector where the mask is set

  - ### toArray

    public abstract Object toArray()
    Returns a packed array containing all the lane values. The array length is the same as the vector length. The element type of the array is the same as the element type of the vector. The array elements are stored in lane order. Overrides of this method on subtypes of `Vector` which specify the element type have an accurately typed array result.
    API Note:
      Usually strongly typed access is preferable, if you are working with a vector subtype that has a known element type.
    Returns:
      an accurately typed array containing the lane values of this vector
    See Also:
      `ByteVector.toArray()`, `IntVector.toArray()`, `DoubleVector.toArray()`

  - ### toIntArray

    public abstract int[] toIntArray()
    Returns an `int[]` array containing all the lane values, converted to the type `int`. The array length is the same as the vector length. The array elements are converted as if by casting and stored in lane order. This operation may fail if the vector element type is `float` or `double`, when lanes contain fractional or out-of-range values. If any vector lane value is not representable as an `int`, an exception is thrown.
    API Note:
      Usually strongly typed access is preferable, if you are working with a vector subtype that has a known element type.
    Returns:
      an `int[]` array containing the lane values of this vector
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if any lane value cannot be represented as an `int` array element
    See Also:
      `toArray()`, `toLongArray()`, `toDoubleArray()`, `IntVector.toArray()`

  - ### toLongArray

    public abstract long[] toLongArray()
    Returns a `long[]` array containing all the lane values, converted to the type `long`. The array length is the same as the vector length. The array elements are converted as if by casting and stored in lane order. This operation may fail if the vector element type is `float` or `double`, when lanes contain fractional or out-of-range values. If any vector lane value is not representable as a `long`, an exception is thrown.
    API Note:
      Usually strongly typed access is preferable, if you are working with a vector subtype that has a known element type.
    Returns:
      a `long[]` array containing the lane values of this vector
    Throws:
      `IllegalArgumentException` - if any lane value cannot be represented as a `long` array element
    See Also:
      `toArray()`, `toIntArray()`, `toDoubleArray()`, `LongVector.toArray()`

  - ### toDoubleArray

    public abstract double[] toDoubleArray()
    Returns a `double[]` array containing all the lane values, converted to the type `double`. The array length is the same as the vector length. The array elements are converted as if by casting and stored in lane order. This operation can lose precision if the vector element type is `long`.
    API Note:
      Usually `strongly typed access` is preferable, if you are working with a vector subtype that has a known element type.
    Returns:
      a `double[]` array containing the lane values of this vector, possibly rounded to representable `double` values
    See Also:
      `toArray()`, `toIntArray()`, `toLongArray()`, `DoubleVector.toArray()`

  - ### toString

    public abstract String toString()
    Returns a string representation of this vector, of the form `"[0,1,2...]"`, reporting the lane values of this vector, in lane order. The string is produced as if by a call to `Arrays.toString()`, as appropriate to the array returned by `this.toArray()`.
    Overrides:
      `toString` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a string of the form `"[0,1,2...]"` reporting the lane values of this vector

  - ### equals

    public abstract boolean equals​(Object obj)
    Indicates whether this vector is identical to some other object. Two vectors are identical only if they have the same species and same lane values, in the same order.

    The comparison of lane values is produced as if by a call to `Arrays.equals()`, as appropriate to the arrays returned by `toArray()` on both vectors.

    Overrides:
      `equals` in class `Object`
    Parameters:
      `obj` - the reference object with which to compare.
    Returns:
      whether this vector is identical to some other object
    See Also:
      `Object.hashCode()`, `HashMap`

  - ### hashCode

    public abstract int hashCode()
    Returns a hash code value for the vector. based on the lane values and the vector species.
    Overrides:
      `hashCode` in class `Object`
    Returns:
      a hash code value for this vector
    See Also:
      `Object.equals(java.lang.Object)`, `System.identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)`