Sorry, not sure if this is a bug (or just some misunderstanding concerning the exceptions handling). But could the following test case be changed in order to catch the uncaught exceptions when loading the corrupted jpg/png images?(please find some test images attached)

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.text.AttributedCharacterIterator;

public class UncaughtTest extends Frame implements Runnable {

    public static class ExceptionHandler implements Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler {

        // EDT?
        public void handle(Throwable t) { printErr(Thread.currentThread().getName(), t); }

        @Override
        public void uncaughtException(Thread thread, Throwable t) { printErr(thread.getName(), t); }

        protected void printErr(String threadName, Throwable t) {
            System.err.println("NOK: " + threadName + ", " + t.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }
    }

    private final String file;
    public UncaughtTest(String f) { file = f; }

    private void CreateUI() {
        addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { dispose(); }
        });
        setSize(300, 300);
        setVisible(true);
    }

    @Override
    public void paint(Graphics gr) {

        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) gr;
        if (g != null) {

            File imageFile = new File(file);
            String fileName = imageFile.getAbsolutePath();

            //if (true) g.drawString((AttributedCharacterIterator) null, 10, 10);

            Image img = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(fileName);
            g.drawImage(img, getInsets().left, getInsets().top, this);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {

        EventQueue.invokeLater(this::CreateUI);

        try {
            Robot r = new Robot();
            r.delay(2000);
            this.dispose();
        } catch (Exception dummy) {
            System.out.println("cannot create robot");
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        if (args.length != 1) { System.out.println("file?"); return; }

        ExceptionHandler eh = new ExceptionHandler();

        Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(eh);
        System.setProperty("sun.awt.exception.handler", ExceptionHandler.class.getName());

        Thread t = new Thread(new UncaughtTest(args[0]));
        //t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(eh); //?
        t.start();
    }
}


Please uncomment line
//if (true) g.drawString((AttributedCharacterIterator) null, 10, 10);
and run:
> java UncaughtTest f427b6bee1acd1fea3ec953bc556a18a.png
works as expected:
NOK: AWT-EventQueue-0, NullPointerException

then comment it out again and run. Expected (?) output:
NOK: AWT-EventQueue-0, IllegalArgumentException
actual output:
Uncaught error fetching image:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Map size (0) must be >= 1
        at java.awt.image.IndexColorModel.setRGBs(IndexColorModel.java:510)
        at java.awt.image.IndexColorModel.<init>(IndexColorModel.java:176)
        at sun.awt.image.PNGImageDecoder.produceImage(PNGImageDecoder.java:278)
        at sun.awt.image.InputStreamImageSource.doFetch(InputStreamImageSource.java:269)
        at sun.awt.image.ImageFetcher.fetchloop(ImageFetcher.java:206)
        at sun.awt.image.ImageFetcher.run(ImageFetcher.java:170)

for other files:
> java UncaughtTest 18288f761922f9b9b00e927eaeb9e707.png
sun.awt.image.PNGImageDecoder$PNGException: crc corruption
    at sun.awt.image.PNGImageDecoder.getChunk(PNGImageDecoder.java:718)
    at sun.awt.image.PNGImageDecoder.getData(PNGImageDecoder.java:726)
    at sun.awt.image.PNGImageDecoder.produceImage(PNGImageDecoder.java:253)
    at sun.awt.image.InputStreamImageSource.doFetch(InputStreamImageSource.java:269)
    at sun.awt.image.ImageFetcher.fetchloop(ImageFetcher.java:206)
    at sun.awt.image.ImageFetcher.run(ImageFetcher.java:170)

> java UncaughtTest 3ba6af611cc5467cfdbd5566561b8478.jpg
sun.awt.image.ImageFormatException: Invalid component ID 2 in SOS
    at sun.awt.image.JPEGImageDecoder.readImage(Native Method)
    at sun.awt.image.JPEGImageDecoder.produceImage(JPEGImageDecoder.java:141)
    at sun.awt.image.InputStreamImageSource.doFetch(InputStreamImageSource.java:269)
    at sun.awt.image.ImageFetcher.fetchloop(ImageFetcher.java:206)
    at sun.awt.image.ImageFetcher.run(ImageFetcher.java:170)
Corrupt JPEG data: 2 extraneous bytes before marker 0xe0


The trivial way (add nesting try/catch(Throwable) in 'paint') does not help as well.