VM argument parsing includes the following:

JAVA_TOOLS_OPTION environment variable
Options passed via JNI invocation API
_JAVA_OPTION environment variable

-XX:VMOptionsFile is intended to protect the password not to be made visible from ps. Similiarly, it should not be shown in jps. -XX:Flags includes only VM -XX flags but no -XX prefix is specified in the Flags file.

java.lang.management.RuntimeMXBean::getInputArguments() specifies to return the VM input arguments. It has a security permission check.

In addition, -Djava.class.path=<classpath> is not included in the returned value of JVM_GetJvmArguments.

JVM_GetJvmArguments and other APIs need to be examined and specified what input arguments should be included.