The issue is reproduced on HiDPI display when screen DPI is changed.
VolatileImage.validate(GraphicsConfiguration) IMAGE_OK for a graphics configuration when its default transform is updated.

Steps to reproduce:
- Use the Windows 8.1 or higher with HiDPI display
- Open Control Panel->All Control Panel Items->Display and select DPI 96 on the "Make text and other items on the desktop smaller or larger" slider
- Run the code below which draws a garphics and graphics configuration scales directly to component and using a VolatileImage.
Both scales are 1.0 (see the attached screenshot left window)
- Select DPI 192 on the "Make text and other items on the desktop smaller or larger" slider
 The graphics scale is now 2.0 but VolatileImage graphics scale is still 1 because VolatileImage.validate(GraphicsConfiguration) returns IMAGE_OK for new graphics configuration and it was not recreated (see attached screenshot right window) (note that there is a known issue that a window is not correctly repainted JDK-8147016).

Code sample
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import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Frame;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Graphics2D;
import java.awt.GraphicsConfiguration;
import java.awt.HeadlessException;
import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter;
import java.awt.event.WindowEvent;
import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform;
import java.awt.image.VolatileImage;

public class BackingStoreImageTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        TestFrame frame = new TestFrame();
        frame.setVisible(true);
    }

    static class TestFrame extends Frame {

        static int TEST_WIDTH = 600;
        static int TEST_HEIGHT = 500;
        static int TEST_X = 20;
        static int TEST_Y = 80;

        static String MSG = "%s scale: [%2.2f, %2.2f]";

        private VolatileImage vImg;

        public TestFrame() throws HeadlessException {
            setSize(TEST_WIDTH, TEST_HEIGHT);
            addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
                @Override
                public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
                    System.exit(0);
                }
            });
        }

        @Override
        public void paint(Graphics g) {
            super.paint(g);

            drawInfo(g, TEST_X, TEST_Y, "component", Color.BLUE);

            int attempts = 0;
            do {
                drawBackingStoreImage(g);
            } while (vImg.contentsLost() && ++attempts < 3);
        }

        private void drawInfo(Graphics g, int x, int y, String msg, Color color) {

            g.setColor(color);
            g.setFont(g.getFont().deriveFont(24f));
            Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
            AffineTransform tx = g2d.getTransform();
            g.drawString(msg, x, y);
            String text = String.format(MSG, "graphics", tx.getScaleX(), tx.getScaleY());
            int dy = 20;
            g.drawString(text, x, y + dy);
            tx = g2d.getDeviceConfiguration().getDefaultTransform();
            text = String.format(MSG, "graphics config", tx.getScaleX(), tx.getScaleY());
            g.drawString(text, x, y + 2 * dy);
        }

        private void drawBackingStoreImage(Graphics g) {

            GraphicsConfiguration gc = ((Graphics2D) g).getDeviceConfiguration();
            if (vImg == null || vImg.validate(gc) == VolatileImage.IMAGE_INCOMPATIBLE) {
                vImg = createVolatileImage(TEST_WIDTH, TEST_HEIGHT / 3);
            }

            Graphics vImgGraphics = vImg.createGraphics();
            drawInfo(vImgGraphics, TEST_X, TEST_Y, "backbuffer", Color.MAGENTA);
            g.drawImage(vImg, 0, TEST_Y * 2, this);
        }
    }
}
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