ParseError will happen during StAX parse the follow xml:
<?xml
 version="1.0"?>
<root>
 <test>t</test>
</root>

Run the following java program:
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;

import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader;

public class Test8169450 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        File file = new File("test.xml");

/* DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
        dbf.setValidating(true);
        DocumentBuilder db = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
        db.parse(file); */
        
        XMLStreamReader reader = XMLInputFactory.newFactory().createXMLStreamReader(new FileReader(file));
        while (reader.hasNext()) {
            reader.next();
        }
    }
}

It will throw exception:
Exception in thread "main" javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException: ParseError at [row,col]:[1,11]
Message: The processing instruction target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed.
at java.xml/com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLStreamReaderImpl.next(XMLStreamReaderImpl.java:596)
at Test8169450.main(Test8169450.java:20)

This issue should be caused by JDK-8069098.