The spec (comments) for the stream method does not mention that it throws java.util.ConcurrentModificationException when existing streams of the serviceloader are used after clearing the cache by calling ServiceLoader#reload method.

Simple test case to check :

Provider:
testmodules/p/module/provider/ModuleTest.java
testmodules/p/module-info.java

module p{
requires s;
provides module.test.ModuleTestService with module.provider.ModuleTest;
}

Service:
testmodules/s/module/test/ModuleTestService.java
testmodules/s/module/test/Test.java
testmodules/s/module-info.java

module s{
exports module.test;
uses module.test.ModuleTestService;
}

public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
new Test().run();
}

public void run(){
      ServiceLoader<ModuleTestService> serviceLoader= ServiceLoader.load(ModuleTestService.class);
      Stream<ServiceLoader.Provider<ModuleTestService>> stream = serviceLoader.stream();
      serviceLoader.reload(); //clears cache
      stream.findFirst(); // throws ConcurrentModificationException, worth mentioning in spec as it is mentioned for iterator method's spec
  }
}