Vitaly Davidovich posted about this issue here:

https://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/hotspot-runtime-dev/2019-June/034706.html

with the subject line of "Increased safepoint cleanup tasks in Java 11 (vs 8)"

The '-XX:MonitorUsedDeflationThreshold=NN' experimental
option was introduced via JDK-8181859 in JDK10.

This option can inadvertently cause repeated "cleanup" safepoint
operations when ObjectMonitor usage is very low.

I have created a test program to demo this issue and I'm
also including logs from my JDK13 bits to illustrate the issue.
The algorithm of the test is simple:

  - recursively enter N monitors where each is inflated via a wait(1) call
  - once the N+1 call is made, delay for 10 seconds

With 'monitorinflation' logging enabled, check for the cleanup
safepoint logging messages.

Here are example runs from my macOSX MBP-13:

$ java -Xlog:monitorinflation=info MonitorUsedDeflationThresholdTest 20 \
  > MonitorUsedDeflationThresholdTest,info,count=20.log 2>&1

The above cmd will create 20 inflated monitors in the test program.
Using "monitorinflation=info" logging, here are the messages
generated at a safepoint:

$ grep 'gMonitorPopulation=' MonitorUsedDeflationThresholdTest,info,count=20.log
[0.110s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=96
[0.118s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=96
[0.205s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=32
[1.210s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=32
[10.215s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=64
[10.236s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127 equals chkMonitorPopulation=127

A few things to notice:

- The gMonitorFreeCount value goes from 96 -> 32
- This is the log mesg for when the test has almost gotten to the
   end of the recursive enters:
     [0.205s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=32
- about a second later is another safepoint:
     [1.210s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=32
- and about 10 seconds after that is the last safepoint before
  we start shutting down the VM:
     [10.215s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=64


Here's another example run:

$ java -Xlog:monitorinflation=info MonitorUsedDeflationThresholdTest 33 \
  > MonitorUsedDeflationThresholdTest,info,count=33.log 2>&1

The above cmd will create 33 inflated monitors in the test program.
Using "monitorinflation=info" logging, here are the messages
generated at a safepoint:

$ grep 'gMonitorPopulation=' MonitorUsedDeflationThresholdTest,info,count=33.log
[0.111s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=96
[0.120s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=96
[0.207s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=32
[1.212s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[2.217s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[3.218s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[4.219s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[5.224s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[6.229s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[7.230s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[8.236s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[9.237s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
[10.237s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=64
[10.258s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127 equals chkMonitorPopulation=127

A few things to notice:

- The gMonitorFreeCount value goes from 96 -> 32
- This is the log mesg for when the test has almost gotten to the
   end of the recursive enters:
     [0.207s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=32
- about a second later is another safepoint:
    [1.212s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
- at this point gMonitorFreeCount has reached 0 because all of
  the free global monitors have been allocated to per-thread
  lists.
- there will be a "cleanup" safepoint every second after this
  point where nothing gets freed and put back on the global
  free list:
    [9.237s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=0
- At the 10 second point, we've finished the recursive part of
  the test and unlocked all the inflated monitors:
     [10.237s][info][monitorinflation] gMonitorPopulation=127, gOmInUseCount=0, gMonitorFreeCount=64
   since the gMonitorFreeCount == 64, that means that the main
   thread (that ran the test) has exited and released all of its
   monitors to the free list.