Consider the following:

$ jlink --add-modules java.se --output image1
$ jlink --add-modules java.se --output image2
$ diff -r image image2
Binary files image1/lib/modules and image2/lib/modules differ

One issue is that the image writer processes the archives in iteration order and that can vary from run to run. That issue is fixed with `jlink.patch` attached to this bug and it least to make the above reproducible on Linux and macOS. There seems to another issue on Solaris (solaris-sparcv9), maybe because it is big endian. The contents of the image files are identical but the index is different:

$ jimage info image1/lib/modules
 Major Version: 1
 Minor Version: 0
 Flags: 0
 Resource Count: 17925
 Table Length: 17925
 Offsets Size: 71700
 Redirects Size: 71700
 Locations Size: 359375
 Strings Size: 407279
 Index Size: 910082

$ jimage info image2/lib/modules
 Major Version: 1
 Minor Version: 0
 Flags: 0
 Resource Count: 17925
 Table Length: 17925
 Offsets Size: 71700
 Redirects Size: 71700
 Locations Size: 358493
 Strings Size: 407279
 Index Size: 909200

Windows seems to intermittent, most of the time the image is identical but periodically (1 in 100?), it is different.