Suppose server supports all protocols(TLSv1, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2, TLSv1.3) and client supports only TLSv1.3 which sets using setEnabledProtocols() API, then handshake fails.

Attached the reproducible test case.
Command to execute test: java ServerClientSSLSocket

This issue started from JDK8u261 b05 onwards and introduced by task JDK-8243682.
It's reproducible in JDK8u261 b09 also.
It's not reproducible in JDK11 or JDK15

Exception message:
Exception in thread "main" javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: No appropriate protocol (protocol is disabled or cipher suites are inappropriate)
at sun.security.ssl.HandshakeContext.<init>(HandshakeContext.java:171)
at sun.security.ssl.ClientHandshakeContext.<init>(ClientHandshakeContext.java:101)
at sun.security.ssl.TransportContext.kickstart(TransportContext.java:222)
at sun.security.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(SSLSocketImpl.java:389)
at sun.security.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.ensureNegotiated(SSLSocketImpl.java:718)
at sun.security.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.access$200(SSLSocketImpl.java:74)
at sun.security.ssl.SSLSocketImpl$AppInputStream.read(SSLSocketImpl.java:801)
at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:284)
at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:326)
at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:178)
at java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:184)
at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:161)
at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:324)
at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:389)
at ServerClientSSLSocket.doClientSide(ServerClientSSLSocket.java:58)
at ServerClientSSLSocket.main(ServerClientSSLSocket.java:71)

Attached full debug log.

Workaround :
Set specific cipher suite using setEnabledCipherSuites() API
eg: sslSocket.setEnabledCipherSuites(new String[]{"TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256"});
or
Run the program with property -Djdk.tls.client.protocols=TLSv1.3