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JEP
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Resolution: Delivered
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P2
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None
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Alex Buckley, Mark Reinhold
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Feature
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Open
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SE
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S
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S
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396
Summary
Strongly encapsulate all internal elements of the JDK by default, except
for critical internal APIs such as sun.misc.Unsafe
. Allow end
users to choose the relaxed strong encapsulation that has been the
default since JDK 9.
Goals
Continue to improve the security and maintainability of the JDK, which is one of the primary goals of Project Jigsaw.
Encourage developers to migrate from using internal elements to using standard APIs, so that both they and their users can upgrade without fuss to future Java releases.
Non-Goals
It is not a goal to remove, encapsulate, or modify any
of the JDK for which standard replacements do not yet exist. This means thatsun.misc.Unsafe
will remain available.It is not a goal to define new standard APIs to replace internal elements for which standard replacements do not yet exist, though such APIs could be suggested in response to this JEP.
Motivation
Over the years the developers of various libraries, frameworks, tools, and applications have used internal elements of the JDK in ways that compromise both security and maintainability. In particular:
Some non-
public
classes, methods, and fields ofjava.*
packages define privileged operations such as[the ability to define a new
, while others convey sensitive data such as cryptographic keys. These elements are internal to the JDK, despite being in
class in a specific class loader|https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/15/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/ClassLoader.html#defineClass%28java.lang.String,byte%5B%5D,int,int%29]java.*
packages. The use of these internal elements by external code, via reflection, puts the security of the platform at risk.All classes, methods, and fields of
. The use of these internal elements by external code is an ongoing maintenance burden. Time and effort spent preserving these APIs, so as not to break existing code, could be better spent moving the platform forward.sun.*
packages are internal APIs of the JDK. Some classes, methods, and fields ofcom.sun.*
,jdk.*
, andorg.*
packages are also internal APIs. These APIs were never standard, never supported, and
In Java 9, we improved both the security and the maintainability of the JDK by leveraging modules to
limit access to its internal<br /> elements
. Modules provide strong encapsulation, which means thatCode outside of a module can only access the
public
andprotected
elements of the packages exported by that module, andprotected
elements can, further, only be accessed from subclasses of the classes that define them.
Strong encapsulation applies at both compile time and run time, including
when compiled code attempts to access elements via reflection at run
time. The non-public
elements of exported packages, and all elements
of unexported packages, are said to be strongly encapsulated.
In JDK 9 and later releases we strongly encapsulated all new internal
elements, thereby limiting access to them. As an aid to migration,
however, we deliberately chose not to strongly encapsulate, at run time,
the content of packages that existed in JDK 8. Library and
application code on the class path could thus continue to use reflection
to access the non-public
elements of java.*
packages, and all
elements of sun.*
and other internal packages, for packages that
existed in JDK 8. This arrangement is called
<em>relaxed strong<br /> encapsulation</em>
.We released JDK 9 in September 2017. Most of the commonly-used
internal elements of the JDK now have standard replacements.
Developers have had over three years in which to migrate away from
internal elements of the JDK to standard APIs such as
java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup::defineClass
, java.util.Base64
,
and java.lang.ref.Cleaner
. Many library, framework, and tool
maintainers have completed that migration and released updated versions
of their components. We are now ready to take the next step toward the
strong encapsulation of all internal elements of the JDK — except for
critical internal APIs such as sun.misc.Unsafe
— as originally planned
in Project Jigsaw.
Description
Relaxed strong encapsulation is controlled by the launcher option
--illegal-access
. This option, introduced by JEP 261, is
provocatively named in order to discourage its use. It presently works
as follows:
--illegal-access=permit
arranges for every package that existed in JDK 8 to be open to code in unnamed modules. Code on the class path can thus continue to use reflection to access the non-public elements ofjava.*
packages, and all elements ofsun.*
and other internal packages, for packages that existed in JDK 8. The first reflective-access operation to any such element causes a warning to be issued, but no warnings are issued after that point.This mode has been the default since JDK 9.
--illegal-access=warn
is identical topermit
except that a warning message is issued for every illegal reflective-access operation.--illegal-access=debug
is identical towarn
except that both a warning message and a stack trace are issued for every illegal reflective-access operation.--illegal-access=deny
disables all illegal-access operations except for those enabled by other command-line options, e.g.,--add-opens
.
As the next step toward strongly encapsulating all internal elements of
the JDK, we propose to change the default mode of the --illegal-access
option from permit
to deny
. With this change, packages that existed
in JDK 8 and do not contain critical internal APIs will no
longer be open by default; a complete list is available
here. The sun.misc
package will still be exported by
the jdk.unsupported
module, and will still be accessible via
reflection.
We will also revise the related text in the
Java Platform<br /> Specification
to disallow the opening of any package by default in any Java Platform Implementation, unless that package is explicitly declared to beopen
in the declaration of its containing
module.
The permit
, warn
, and debug
modes of the --illegal-access
option
will continue to work. These modes allow end users to choose relaxed
strong encapsulation if they wish.
We expect a future JEP to remove the --illegal-access
option entirely.
At that point it will not be possible to open all of the JDK 8
packages via a single command-line option. It will still be possible to
use the <code class="prettyprint" data-shared-secret="1730870487597-0.5464100727274017">--add-opens</code> command-line option, or the
<code class="prettyprint" data-shared-secret="1730870487597-0.5464100727274017">Add-Opens</code> JAR-file attribute, to open specific packages.
To prepare for the eventual removal of the --illegal-access
option we
will deprecate it for removal as part of this JEP. As a consequence,
specifying that option to the java
launcher will cause a deprecation
warning to be issued.
Risks and Assumptions
The primary risk of this proposal is that existing Java code will fail to run. The kinds of code that will fail include, but are not limited, to:
Frameworks that use the
protected
defineClass
methods ofjava.lang.ClassLoader
in order to define new classes in existing class loaders. Such frameworks should instead usejava.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup::defineClass
, which has been available since JDK 9.Code that uses the
sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo
class to manipulate time-zone information. Such code should instead use thejava.time
API, available since JDK 8.Code that uses the
com.sun.rowset
package to process SQL row sets. Such code should instead use thejavax.sql.rowset
package, available since JDK 7.Tools that use the
com.sun.tools.javac.*
packages to process source code. Such tools should instead use thejavax.tools
,javax.lang.model
, andcom.sun.source.*
APIs, available since JDK 6.Code that uses the
); in the mean time, developers can use existing third-party libraries that include this functionality.sun.security.tools.keytool.CertAndKeyGen
class to generate self-signed certificates. There is not yet a standard API for this functionality (though aCode that uses the JDK’s internal copy of the Xerces XML processor. Such code should instead use a standalone copy of the Xerces library, available from Maven Central.
Code that uses the JDK's internal version of the ASM bytecode library. Such code should instead use a standalone copy of the ASM library, available from Maven Central.
We encourage all developers to:
Use the
jdeps
tool to identify code that depends upon internal elements of the JDK.When standard replacements are available, switch to using those.
Otherwise, we welcome strong cases for new standard APIs on the Project Jigsaw mailing list. Please understand, however, that we are unlikely to define new standard APIs for internal elements that are not broadly used.
Use an existing release, such as JDK 11, to test existing code with
--illegal-access=warn
to identify any internal elements accessed via reflection, then use--illegal-access=debug
to pinpoint the errant code, and then finally test with--illegal-access=deny
.
Secondary risks
An existing application may fail to run not because the application itself makes use of internal APIs, but because the application uses libraries or frameworks which do so. If you maintain such an application then we recommend that you update to the latest versions of the components upon which your application depends. If those components have not yet been updated to remove dependencies upon internal elements then we suggest that you urge their maintainers to do so, or perhaps consider doing that work yourself and submitting a patch.
The maintainers of some libraries, frameworks, and tools have been telling application developers that illegal reflective-access warnings can safely be ignored when using JDK 9 and later. This causes tension with application developers who always use the very latest JDK release and realize that the components upon which they depend will break as soon as the JDK’s internal elements are strongly encapsulated by default. For these application developers, downgrading to JDK 8 or not moving to the latest release is not a viable approach.
Examples of the impact of this change
Code successfully compiled with earlier releases that directly accesses internal APIs of the JDK will no longer work by default. For example,
System.out.println(sun.security.util.SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
will fail with an exception of the form
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalAccessError: class Test (in unnamed module @0x5e481248) cannot access class sun.security.util.SecurityConstants (in module java.base) because module java.base does not export sun.security.util to unnamed module @0x5e481248
Code that uses reflection to access
private
fields of exportedjava.*
APIs will no longer work by default. For example,var ks = java.security.KeyStore.getInstance("jceks"); var f = ks.getClass().getDeclaredField("keyStoreSpi"); f.setAccessible(true);
will fail with an exception of the form
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.reflect.InaccessibleObjectException: Unable to make field private java.security.KeyStoreSpi java.security.KeyStore.keyStoreSpi accessible: module java.base does not "opens java.security" to unnamed module @6e2c634b
Code that uses reflection to invoke
protected
methods of exportedjava.*
APIs will no longer work by default. For example,var dc = ClassLoader.class.getDeclaredMethod("defineClass", String.class, byte[].class, int.class, int.class); dc.setAccessible(true);
will fail with an exception of the form
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.reflect.InaccessibleObjectException: Unable to make protected final java.lang.Class java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(java.lang.String,byte[],int,int) throws java.lang.ClassFormatError accessible: module java.base does not "opens java.lang" to unnamed module @5e481248
- is blocked by
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JDK-8256299 Implement JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default
- Resolved
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JDK-8256300 CSR for JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default
- Closed
- relates to
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JDK-8061972 JEP 261: Module System
- Closed
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JDK-8132928 JEP 260: Encapsulate Most Internal APIs
- Closed
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JDK-8263547 JEP 403: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals
- Closed
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JDK-8305968 Integrity by Default
- Draft