The method foo() in the attached Test.java throws MyException.

$ java -XX:AbortVMOnException=MyException Test.java
$ java -XX:AbortVMOnException=MyException -XX:-TieredCompilation Test.java

successfully results in the expected VM assertion failure:

#
# A fatal error has been detected by the Java Runtime Environment:
#
# Internal Error (/home/christian/jdk/open/src/hotspot/share/utilities/exceptions.cpp:544), pid=116514, tid=116515
# fatal error: Saw MyException, aborting
#
# JRE version: Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (17.0) (slowdebug build 17-internal+0-LTS-2021-03-25-1609321.christian...)
# Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (slowdebug 17-internal+0-LTS-2021-03-25-1609321.christian..., mixed mode, tiered, compressed oops, compressed class ptrs, g1 gc, linux-amd64)
# Problematic frame:
# V [libjvm.so+0x8f6906] Exceptions::debug_check_abort(char const*, char const*)+0x8a

However, running it with -Xcomp and C1 only (TieredStopAtLevel) will not abort the VM:

$ java -XX:AbortVMOnException=MyException -Xcomp Test.java
$ java -XX:AbortVMOnException=MyException -Xcomp -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1,2,3 Test.java

Exception in thread "main" MyException
at Test.foo(Test.java:7)
at Test.main(Test.java:3)