Some apps are packaged in a "Uber JAR" that itself contains other JAR files. For example: https://github.com/iklam/cds-example/blob/e70b80f4f74d2fa45171d7011e44b379dc48656a/Makefile

Some classes are loaded by custom loaders from locations like:

jar:file:/jdk2/cds-example/target/cds-example-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar!/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-core-5.3.6.jar!/

Currently, the CDS classlist format does not support such a location for archiving classes for custom loaders.