Before JDK-8261455:

$ rm -f base.jsa
$ java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=top.jsa -version
Error occurred during initialization of VM
-XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit is unsupported when base CDS archive is not loaded. Run with -Xlog:cds for more info.

$ java -Xshare:dump -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa
$ java -XX:+UseZGC -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=top.jsa -version
Error occurred during initialization of VM
-XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit is unsupported when base CDS archive is not loaded. Run with -Xlog:cds for more info.

===========================================
After JDK-8261455, the behavior becomes inconsistent:

$ rm -f base.jsa
$ java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=top.jsa -version
Error occurred during initialization of VM
-XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit is unsupported when base CDS archive is not loaded. Run with -Xlog:cds for more info.

$ java -Xshare:dump -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa
$ java -XX:+UseZGC -XX:SharedArchiveFile=base.jsa -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=top.jsa -version
java version "19-internal" 2022-09-20
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 19-internal+0-adhoc.iklam.open)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 19-internal+0-adhoc.iklam.open, mixed mode)