ADDITIONAL SYSTEM INFORMATION :
# Java version
openjdk 19.0.2 2023-01-17
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 19.0.2+7-44)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 19.0.2+7-44, mixed mode, sharing)

# Operating system details
$ cat /etc/*release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=18.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=bionic
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS"
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="18.04.5 LTS (Bionic Beaver)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS"
VERSION_ID="18.04"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=bionic
UBUNTU_CODENAME=bionic

$ uname -a
Linux seoul 5.4.0-99-generic #112~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Feb 3 14:09:57 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux


A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM :
Different outputs of the attached program are observed between different compilation tiers. This bug affects openjdk 21-ea 2023-09-19, openjdk 20 2023-03-21, openjdk 19.0.2, java 17.0.6, and java 11.0.18.


STEPS TO FOLLOW TO REPRODUCE THE PROBLEM :
The following steps shows how to reproduce the bug on Java 19.0.2 in a Ubuntu Linux environment.

# Compile
$ javac C.java

# Default or compilation up to level 4, with stack size 1024KB
$ java -Xss1024K C
# Output (incorrect)
java.lang.StackOverflowError

# Compilation up to level 1
$ java -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1 C
# Output (correct)
java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException: Stack overflow during pattern compilation near index 1
\s+
 ^

# Interpreter or compilation up to level 0
$ java -Xint C
# Output (correct)
java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException: Stack overflow during pattern compilation near index 1
\s+
 ^


EXPECTED VERSUS ACTUAL BEHAVIOR :
EXPECTED -
java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException: Stack overflow during pattern compilation near index 1
\s+
 ^
ACTUAL -
java.lang.StackOverflowError

---------- BEGIN SOURCE ----------
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class C {
    public static void encode(String str) {
        String[] res = str.split("\\s+");

        List<String> words = new ArrayList<String>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            words.add("take up some space");
        }

        for (String word : words) {
            encode(word);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            encode("any_string");
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            System.out.println(e);
        }
    }
}
---------- END SOURCE ----------

CUSTOMER SUBMITTED WORKAROUND :
Interpreter or compilation for Level 0, 1, 2, 3 are fine.
$ java -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=3 C

FREQUENCY : always