ADDITIONAL SYSTEM INFORMATION :
Tested on Windows 10 but suspect it's OS independent.

openjdk 20.0.2 2023-07-18
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 20.0.2+9-78)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 20.0.2+9-78, mixed mode, sharing)

OpenJFX 20.0.2 (don't believe JavaFX version is important)

A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM :
When using the "JEP 330: Launch Single-File Source-Code Programs" feature and the following is true:

* The main class extends 'javafx.application.Application'

* A 'public static void main(String[])' method is present that calls 'javafx.application.Application.launch(Class,String...)'

* The call to 'javafx.application.Application.launch(Class,String...)' throws an exception

Then the exception thrown by 'launch' will be hidden behind an 'IllegalArgumentException' thrown by the 'jdk.compiler' module. This is said 'IllegalArgumentException':

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: 0 > -2
        at java.base/java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(Arrays.java:3782)
        at java.base/java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(Arrays.java:3742)
        at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.launcher.Main.execute(Main.java:447)
        at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.launcher.Main.run(Main.java:205)
        at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.launcher.Main.main(Main.java:132)

STEPS TO FOLLOW TO REPRODUCE THE PROBLEM :
1. Have JavaFX available on the module-path

2. Execute 'java Main.java' or 'java -p <path-to-fx> --add-modules javafx.graphics Main.java'

EXPECTED VERSUS ACTUAL BEHAVIOR :
EXPECTED -
The stack trace of the exception thrown by `javafx.application.Application.launch` is printed to the console. From the minimal example provided, something like the following is expected (using JavaFX 20.0.2):

Exception in Application start method
java.lang.RuntimeException: Exception in Application start method
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.javafx.application.LauncherImpl.launchApplication1(LauncherImpl.java:893)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.javafx.application.LauncherImpl.lambda$launchApplication$2(LauncherImpl.java:195)
        at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:1623)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: demo
        at Main.start(Main.java:8)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.javafx.application.LauncherImpl.lambda$launchApplication1$9(LauncherImpl.java:839)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.javafx.application.PlatformImpl.lambda$runAndWait$12(PlatformImpl.java:483)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.javafx.application.PlatformImpl.lambda$runLater$10(PlatformImpl.java:456)
        at java.base/java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(AccessController.java:400)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.javafx.application.PlatformImpl.lambda$runLater$11(PlatformImpl.java:455)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.glass.ui.InvokeLaterDispatcher$Future.run(InvokeLaterDispatcher.java:95)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.glass.ui.win.WinApplication._runLoop(Native Method)
        at javafx.graphics@20.0.2/com.sun.glass.ui.win.WinApplication.lambda$runLoop$3(WinApplication.java:185)
        ... 1 more
ACTUAL -
The following is printed instead:

Exception in Application start method
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: 0 > -2
        at java.base/java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(Arrays.java:3782)
        at java.base/java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(Arrays.java:3742)
        at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.launcher.Main.execute(Main.java:447)
        at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.launcher.Main.run(Main.java:205)
        at jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.launcher.Main.main(Main.java:132)

---------- BEGIN SOURCE ----------
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class Main extends Application {

    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        throw new RuntimeException("demo");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Application.launch(Main.class, args);
    }
}
---------- END SOURCE ----------

CUSTOMER SUBMITTED WORKAROUND :
Wrap the call to 'Application.launch' in a try-catch

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class Main extends Application {

    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        throw new RuntimeException("demo");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Application.launch(Main.class, args);
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            t.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

FREQUENCY : always