The following record parameter annotation will cause a ClassFileFormat error, if the class is put through Instrumentation.retransformation, even if no class file transformer is registered.

class Sample {
    @interface MyAnnotation{}
    public record MyRecord(@MyAnnotation Object o, Object other) {}

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Instrumentation inst = ByteBuddyAgent.install();
        inst.retransformClasses(MyRecord.class);
    }
}

This can also be seen if using javap where the relevant segment is displayed as follows:

  Record: length = 0xE (java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException)
   00 02 00 0B 00 0C 00 01 00 0F 00 0C 00 00

If the annotation is declared with runtime retention, the problem goes away.