The following code:

    String r1 = "-".repeat(Integer.MAX_VALUE - 10);
    String r2 = "ы".repeat((Integer.MAX_VALUE - 10) / 2);
    System.out.println(r1.concat(r2));

On JDK 24 it gives:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException:
Range [0, 0 + 2147483637) out of bounds for length 1073741807
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions$1.apply(Preconditions.java:55)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions$1.apply(Preconditions.java:52)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions$4.apply(Preconditions.java:213)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions$4.apply(Preconditions.java:210)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions.outOfBounds(Preconditions.java:98)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions.outOfBoundsCheckFromIndexSize(Preconditions.java:118)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.util.Preconditions.checkFromIndexSize(Preconditions.java:397)
    at java.base/java.lang.String.checkBoundsOffCount(String.java:4938)
    at java.base/java.lang.StringUTF16.checkBoundsOffCount(StringUTF16.java:1789)
    at java.base/java.lang.StringUTF16.inflate(StringUTF16.java:1616)
    at java.base/java.lang.StringLatin1.inflate(StringLatin1.java:875)
    at java.base/java.lang.String.getBytes(String.java:4812)
    at java.base/java.lang.StringConcatHelper.doConcat(StringConcatHelper.java:434)
    at java.base/java.lang.String.concat(String.java:2977)

On JDK 23 it results in expected OOM:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Overflow:
String length out of range
    at java.base/java.lang.StringConcatHelper.checkOverflow(StringConcatHelper.java:66)
    at java.base/java.lang.StringConcatHelper.mix(StringConcatHelper.java:125)
    at java.base/java.lang.StringConcatHelper.simpleConcat(StringConcatHelper.java:374)
    at java.base/java.lang.String.concat(String.java:2990)