When running aot class linking tests on linux-x86 with -Xcomp -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1 flags:

% make test TEST=open/test/hotspot/jtreg/runtime/cds/appcds/aotClassLinking/ CONF=fastdebug TEST_OPTS_JAVA_OPTIONS="-Xcomp -XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1"

Some tests, for example BulkLoaderTest.java#aot, may fail several ways. One of failures is this (production run):

#
# Internal Error (/leyden/open/src/hotspot/share/runtime/sharedRuntime.cpp:1368), pid=990721, tid=990727
# assert(!InstanceKlass::cast(receiver_klass)->is_not_initialized()) failed: receiver_klass must be initialized
#
# JRE version: Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (25.0) (fastdebug build 25-internal-LTS-2025-07-14-0139260...)
# Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (fastdebug 25-internal-LTS-2025-07-14-0139260..., compiled mode, emulated-client, sharing, tiered, compressed oops, compressed class ptrs, g1 gc, linux-amd64)
# Problematic frame:
# V [libjvm.so+0x19bccb6] SharedRuntime::find_callee_info_helper(vframeStream&, Bytecodes::Code&, CallInfo&, JavaThread*)+0x5c6
#

--------------- T H R E A D ---------------

Current thread (0x00007f9b50030c10): JavaThread "main" [_thread_in_vm, id=990727, stack(0x00007f9b58691000,0x00007f9b58792000) (1028K)]

Stack: [0x00007f9b58691000,0x00007f9b58792000], sp=0x00007f9b5878b790, free space=1001k
Native frames: (J=compiled Java code, A=AOT compiled, P=AOT preloaded, j=interpreted, Vv=VM code, C=native code)
V [libjvm.so+0x19bccb6] SharedRuntime::find_callee_info_helper(vframeStream&, Bytecodes::Code&, CallInfo&, JavaThread*)+0x5c6 (sharedRuntime.cpp:1368)
V [libjvm.so+0x19c212d] SharedRuntime::resolve_helper(bool, bool, JavaThread*)+0x24d (sharedRuntime.cpp:1229)
V [libjvm.so+0x19c941b] SharedRuntime::resolve_opt_virtual_call_C(JavaThread*)+0x1bb (sharedRuntime.cpp:1664)
v ~RuntimeStub::Shared Runtime resolve_opt_virtual_call_blob 0x00007f9b4488bc49
A 1273 c1 java.lang.ClassLoader.toPackage(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/NamedPackage;Ljava/lang/Module;)Ljava/lang/Package; java.base@25-internal (34 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b459b0534 [0x00007f9b459b0220+0x0000000000000314]
J 1271 c1 java.lang.ClassLoader$$Lambda+0x80000000b.apply(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object; java.base@25-internal (20 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b459aff9c [0x00007f9b459afea0+0x00000000000000fc]
J 1269 c1 java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.compute(Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/util/function/BiFunction;)Ljava/lang/Object; java.base@25-internal (654 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b459adb1c [0x00007f9b459ad720+0x00000000000003fc]
A 1268 c1 java.lang.ClassLoader.definePackage(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Module;)Ljava/lang/Package; java.base@25-internal (85 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b459acf44 [0x00007f9b459aca20+0x0000000000000524]
A 1185 c1 jdk.internal.loader.BootLoader$PackageHelper.definePackage(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Package; java.base@25-internal (87 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b45991cec [0x00007f9b45991620+0x00000000000006cc]
A 1177 c1 jdk.internal.loader.BootLoader.getDefinedPackage(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Package; java.base@25-internal (39 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b4598c534 [0x00007f9b4598c420+0x0000000000000114]
A 1175 c1 java.lang.Class.getPackage()Ljava/lang/Package; java.base@25-internal (38 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b45985fd4 [0x00007f9b45985e20+0x00000000000001b4]
A 1072 c1 BulkLoaderTestApp.check(Ljava/lang/Class;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V (207 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b45948324 [0x00007f9b45947d20+0x0000000000000604]
A 1070 c1 BulkLoaderTestApp.checkClasses()V (92 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b459478c4 [0x00007f9b45947820+0x00000000000000a4]
A 1069 c1 BulkLoaderTestApp.main([Ljava/lang/String;)V (13 bytes) @ 0x00007f9b45947244 [0x00007f9b45947220+0x0000000000000024]