ADDITIONAL SYSTEM INFORMATION :
Property settings:
    file.encoding = UTF-8
    file.separator = /
    java.class.path =
    java.class.version = 65.0
    java.io.tmpdir = /tmp
    java.library.path = /usr/java/packages/lib
        /usr/lib64
        /lib64
        /lib
        /usr/lib
    java.runtime.name = Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment
    java.runtime.version = 21.0.10+8-LTS-217
    java.specification.name = Java Platform API Specification
    java.specification.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.specification.version = 21
    java.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.vendor.url = https://java.oracle.com/
    java.vendor.url.bug = https://bugreport.java.com/bugreport/
    java.version = 21.0.10
    java.version.date = 2026-01-20
    java.vm.compressedOopsMode = Zero based
    java.vm.info = mixed mode, sharing
    java.vm.name = Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM
    java.vm.specification.name = Java Virtual Machine Specification
    java.vm.specification.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.vm.specification.version = 21
    java.vm.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.vm.version = 21.0.10+8-LTS-217
    jdk.debug = release
    line.separator = \n
    native.encoding = ANSI_X3.4-1968
    os.arch = amd64
    os.name = Linux
    os.version = 5.15.0-60-generic
    path.separator = :
    stderr.encoding = ANSI_X3.4-1968
    stdout.encoding = ANSI_X3.4-1968
    sun.arch.data.model = 64
    sun.cpu.endian = little
    sun.io.unicode.encoding = UnicodeLittle
    sun.java.launcher = SUN_STANDARD
    sun.jnu.encoding = ANSI_X3.4-1968
    sun.management.compiler = HotSpot 64-Bit Tiered Compilers
    user.country = US
    user.language = en
    user.name = root

java version "21.0.10" 2026-01-20 LTS
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 21.0.10+8-LTS-217)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 21.0.10+8-LTS-217, mixed mode, sharing)

A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM :
HotSpot 21 exhibits a severe performance regression when executing code that repeatedly invokes Math.multiplyExact() within a hot loop that includes exception handling. The root cause appears to be excessive compilation and deoptimization cycles triggered by overly aggressive speculative optimization of exception paths.

Evidence:
+ Using -Xint (interpreter only) is faster than default JIT, which proves the JIT optimization is counterproductive.
+ CPU profiling with async-profiler shows that a significant amount of execution time in HotSpot 21 is spent in deoptimization, whereas this behavior is not observed in GraalVM 21.
+ Compilation logs obtained with -XX:+PrintCompilation indicate repeated recompilation of the same method: Math.multiplyExact() is compiled four times (Tier 3 → Tier 4 → Tier 3 → Tier 4), and the associated exception handling code is compiled nine times.

---------- BEGIN SOURCE ----------
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long checksum = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i < 20_000_000; i++) {
            checksum += hotPath(i);
        }
        System.out.println(checksum);
    }

    private static long hotPath(int i) {
        try {
            return Math.multiplyExact(i, -i);
        } catch (ArithmeticException ex) {
            return 0;
        }
    }
}
---------- END SOURCE ----------

FREQUENCY :
ALWAYS