To reproduce:
add an AnchorPane
add TableView to AP
enable sample data
enable "Table Menu Button Visible" in Inspector
show preview
click on the black dot(or circle?) above scroll
remove both ticks near C1 and C2
close preview, both columns are still visible in Content panel
open preview once again -- there will be empty TableView -- is it a bug?

Note that there's quite simple workaround -- disable "Table Menu Button Visible" and enable it again, TableColimns will become possible in preview